Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Origins of Intelligence TestingWhat is Intelligence?Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Are There Multiple Intelligences?Are There Multiple Intelligences?Intelligence and CreativityAssessing IntelligenceAssessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAISSlide 13Slide 14The Normal CurveSlide 16Slide 17Slide 18The Dynamics of IntelligenceSlide 20Genetic InfluencesSlide 22Slide 23Environmental InfluencesSlide 25Group DifferencesSlide 27Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Module 25IntelligenceJames A. McCubbin, PhDClemson UniversityWorth PublishersOrigins of Intelligence TestingIntelligence Testa method of assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scoresWhat is Intelligence?Intelligenceability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situationsOrigins of Intelligence TestingMental Agea measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binetchronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performancechild who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8Origins of Intelligence TestingStanford-Binetthe widely used American revision of Binet’s original intelligence testrevised by Terman at Stanford UniversityOrigins of Intelligence TestingIntelligence Quotient (IQ)defined originally the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100What is Intelligence?Factor Analysisstatistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a testused to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total scoreGeneral Intelligence (g)factor that Spearman and others believed underlies specific mental abilitiesmeasured by every task on an intelligence testAre There Multiple Intelligences? Savant Syndromecondition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skillcomputation drawingAre There Multiple Intelligences?Social Intelligencethe know-how involved in comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfullyEmotional Intelligenceability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotionsIntelligence and CreativityCreativitythe ability to produce novel and valuable ideasexpertiseimaginative thinking skillsventuresome personalityintrinsic motivationcreative environmentAssessing IntelligenceWechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)most widely used intelligence testsubtestsverbal performance (nonverbal)Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAISFrom Thorndike and Hagen, 1977VERBALGeneral Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit SpanPERFORMANCEPicture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol SubstitutionAssessing IntelligenceAptitude Testa test designed to predict a person’s future performanceaptitude is the capacity to learnAchievement Testa test designed to assess what a person has learnedAssessing IntelligenceStandardizationdefining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributesmost scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremesThe Normal CurveAssessing IntelligenceReliabilitythe extent to which a test yields consistent resultsassessed by consistency of scores on:two halves of the testalternate forms of the testretestingValiditythe extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed toAssessing IntelligenceContent Validitythe extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasksCriterionbehavior (such as college grades) that a test (such as the SAT) is designed to predictthe measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validityAssessing IntelligencePredictive Validitysuccess with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predictassessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavioralso called criterion-related validityThe Dynamics of IntelligenceMental Retardationa condition of limited mental abilityindicated by an intelligence score below 70produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of lifevaries from mild to profoundDown Syndromeretardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeupThe Dynamics of IntelligenceGenetic InfluencesThe most genetically similar people have the most similar scoresGenetic InfluencesGenetic InfluencesHeritabilitythe proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genesvariability depends on range of populations and environments studiedEnvironmental InfluencesThe Plastic BrainBrainGenesExperienceEnvironmental InfluencesThe Schooling EffectGroup DifferencesThe Mental Rotation Test Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at the left?Standard ResponsesGroup DifferencesStereotype ThreatA self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative
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