Programmed Unit on Classical and Operant ConditioningDirections: This worksheet exercise is an illustration of the use of “shaping,” or the teaching of a skill or concept in small steps or approximations. Skinner noted that when he broke any learning task into small units, he could teach his animal subjects—rats and pigeons—incredibly complex behaviors! He made major efforts to convince those in the field of education that shaping might have some superb applications in our schools—especially for the learning of confusing or difficult material. Educators didn’t quite understand and, as a result, we have many students who never learn certain skills well, as with writing and math. Such academic areas are very complicated and need to be taught very systematically and in small chunks—a process that involves much time preparation and an insight into the learning process from the learners’ perspective.With this linear program exercise on learning principles, you need to choose which of the answer choices provided best completes each sentence. For example, for the first sentence you are provided two possible answers—experience or instinct—to place in the blank. You need to choose which answer is the best one and then write that answer in the blank to complete the sentence.Using Successive Approximation or Shaping to Teach Learning PrinciplesCS: ___________________________ CR ______________________________CS: ___________________________ CR ______________________________51. If you study for a test and receive an A, your studying behavior has been encouragedPlace your answers in the table below!Programmed Unit on Classical and Operant Conditioning This Assignment is worth 25 points Directions: This worksheet exercise is an illustration of the use of “shaping,” or the teaching of a skill or concept in small steps or approximations. Skinner noted that when he broke any learning task into small units, he could teach his animal subjects—rats and pigeons—incredibly complex behaviors! He made major efforts to convince those in the field of education that shaping might have some superb applications in our schools—especially for the learning of confusing or difficult material. Educators didn’t quite understand and, as a result, we have many students who never learn certain skills well, as with writing and math. Such academic areas are very complicated and need to be taught very systematically and in small chunks—a process that involves much time preparation and an insight into the learning process from the learners’ perspective. With this linear program exercise on learning principles, you need to choose which of theanswer choices provided best completes each sentence. For example, for the first sentence you are provided two possible answers—experience or instinct—to place in the blank. You need to choose which answer is the best one and then write that answer in theblank to complete the sentence. When you have completed the paper, please transfer your answers to the table belowthe assignment.Using Successive Approximation or Shaping to Teach Learning Principles1. Conditioning is a term for learning. Learning is any change in behavior that is not “inborn”, but instead is acquired through ______________. (a) experience or (b)instinct2. Two types of conditioning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning. When a person has been “conditioned”, that simply means that they have ________________something as a result of some experience. (a) learned or (b) not learned)3. Pavlov conditioned his dogs to automatically salivate to a bell by pairing the bell with food. This means that the dogs _____________to salivate to a bell. (a) learned or (b) not learned)4. However, dogs have an inborn salivation response to food. They do not need to learn to salivate to food as this reflex is wired into their brains from birth. We often refer to a reflex that we have from birth as innate. Therefore, is a dog’s salivation reflex to food (a) an unconditioned response or (b) a conditioned response? _______5. Since the salivation reflex to food is an inborn or innate reflex, the food is referred to as ______________ stimulus. (a) an unconditioned stimulus or (b) a conditioned stimulus)6. The dog’s salivation reflex to a bell was conditioned or learned. So the salivation response to the bell is a ________________ response. (a) unconditioned or (b) conditioned7. Just as the salivation response to the bell is called called a conditioned response, the bell is referred to as a _______________________ stimulus.8. With classical conditioning, a reflex is being conditioned to automatically respond to a new stimulus—but a new behavior is not being learned. For example, dogs were born with the ability to salivate and Pavlov certainly didn’t teach the dogs how to _________.9. However, Pavlov was able to get the dogs to automatically salivate to a bell—a new stimulus. Therefore, the salivation reflex would now occur to the sound of a bell ring. So, with classical conditioning a reflex is conditioned to respond to a new ____________. (a) stimulus or (b) response)10. In review, why is the food in Pavlov’s research called an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?11.Why is the bell called a conditioned stimulus (CS))?12.Why is the dog’s salivation reflex to the food called an unconditioned response (UCR)?13.Why is the dog’s salivation reflex to the bell called a conditioned response (CR)?14.Some people are classically conditioned to fear dogs. Feeling fear is an automatic andreflexive response. That is, we don’t “choose” to feel fearful. Therefore, the fear response is a _____________________ response. a) voluntary b) a reflexive15.One common way for a person to acquire a conditioned or learned fear of dogs is to have been once bitten by a dog. Bites are scary because they cause pain—a stimulus we automatically fear from birth. Since the fear response to the pain of a bite is inborn, it is a _____________ response (a) unconditioned or (b) conditioned).16. And, as naturally follows, the painful bite is a _______________ stimulus because wehave an inborn reflexive fear response to that stimulus, we always have a fearful responseto it. 17 - 18. However, some people have learned to fear dogs (not just the bite of a dog) because of a past association they have had between dogs and a painful bite. Therefore, the fear response to