Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Operant vs Classical ConditioningOperant ConditioningSlide 4Slide 5Operant ChamberSlide 7Slide 8Slide 9Principles of ReinforcementSchedules of ReinforcementSlide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16PunishmentSlide 18Cognition and Operant ConditioningSlide 20Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Module 19Operant ConditioningJames A. McCubbin, PhDClemson UniversityWorth PublishersOperant vs Classical ConditioningOperant ConditioningOperant Conditioningtype of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishmentLaw of EffectThorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likelyOperant ConditioningRespondent Behavioroccurs as an automatic response to stimulusbehavior learned through classical conditioningOperant Behavioroperates (acts) on environmentproduces consequencesOperant ConditioningB.F. Skinner (1904-1990)elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effectdeveloped behavioral technologyOperant ChamberSkinner Boxchamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcercontains devices to record responsesOperant ConditioningLearninga relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experienceShapingoperant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goalOperant ConditioningReinforcerany event that strengthens the behavior it followsShapingoperant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goalOperant ConditioningPrinciples of ReinforcementReinforcerany event that strengthens the behavior it followsPrimary Reinforcerinnately reinforcing stimulusi.e., satisfies a biological needConditioned Reinforcerstimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcersecondary reinforcerSchedules of ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcementreinforcing the desired response each time it occursPartial (Intermittent) Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the timeresults in slower acquisitiongreater resistance to extinctionSchedules of ReinforcementFixed Ratio (FR) Schedulereinforces a response only after a specified number of responsesfaster you respond the more rewards you getdifferent ratiosvery high rate of respondinglike piecework paySchedules of ReinforcementVariable Ratio (VR)reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responsesaverage ratioslike gambling, fishingvery hard to extinguish because of unpredictabilitySchedules of ReinforcementFixed Interval (FI)reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsedresponse occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws nearSchedules of ReinforcementVariable Interval (VI)reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervalsproduces slow steady respondinglike pop quizSchedules of ReinforcementVariable IntervalNumber of responses1000750500250010 20 30 40 50 60 70Time (minutes)Fixed RatioVariable RatioFixed IntervalSteady respondingRapid respondingnear time forreinforcement80PunishmentPunishmentaversive event that decreases the behavior that it followspowerful controller of unwanted behaviorPunishmentCognition and Operant ConditioningCognitive Mapmental representation of the layout of one’s environmentExample: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of itLatent Learninglearning that occurs, but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate itCognition and Operant ConditioningIntrinsic Motivationdesire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effectiveExtrinsic Motivationdesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of
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