Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Infancy and Childhood: Physical DevelopmentSlide 3Slide 4Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentSlide 6Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Social DevelopmentSlide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Social Development- Child-Rearing PracticesSocial Development: Child-Rearing PracticesMyers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Module 8Infancy and ChildhoodJames A. McCubbin, PhDClemson UniversityWorth PublishersInfancy and Childhood: Physical DevelopmentMaturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behaviorrelatively uninfluenced by experienceInfancy and Childhood: Physical DevelopmentThe brain is immature at birthAs the child matures, the neural networks grow increasingly more complicatedAt birth 3 months 15 monthsCortical NeuronsInfancy and Childhood: Physical DevelopmentBabies only 3 months old can learn that kicking moves a mobile- and can retain that learning for a monthInfancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentSchemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets informationAssimilationinterpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemasInfancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentAccommodationadapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new informationCognitionAll the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatingTypical Age RangeDescription of StageDevelopmental PhenomenaBirth to nearly 2 years SensorimotorExperiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing)•Object permanence•Stranger anxietyAbout 2 to 6 yearsAbout 7 to 11 yearsAbout 12 through adulthoodPreoperationalRepresenting things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning•Pretend play•Egocentrism•Language developmentConcrete operationalThinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations•Conservation •Mathematical transformationsFormal operationalAbstract reasoning•Abstract logic•Potential for moral reasoningPiaget’s Stages of Cognitive DevelopmentInfancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentObject Permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceivedInfancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentBaby MathematicsShown a numerically impossible outcome, infants stare longer (Wynn, 1992)1. Objects placedin case.2. Screen comesup.3. Object is removed.4. Impossible outcome:Screen drops, revealing two objects.4. Possible outcome:Screen drops, revealingone object.Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentConservationthe principle that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objectsInfancy and Childhood: Cognitive DevelopmentEgocentrismthe inability of the preoperational child to take another’s point of viewTheory of Mindpeople’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predictAutisma disorder that appears in childhoodmarked by deficient communication, social interaction and understanding of others’ states of mindSocial DevelopmentStranger Anxietyfear of strangers that infants commonly displaybeginning by about 8 months of ageAttachmentan emotional tie with another personshown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separationSocial DevelopmentHarlow’s Surrogate Mother Experimentsmonkeys preferred contact with the comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire motherSocial DevelopmentCritical Periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper developmentImprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in lifeSocial DevelopmentMonkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.Social DevelopmentGroups of infants left by their mothers in a unfamiliar room (from Kagan, 1976).0204060801003.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 20 29Percentage of infantswho criedwhen theirmothers leftAge in monthsDay careHomeSocial DevelopmentBasic Trust (Erik Erikson)a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthysaid to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregiversSelf-Concepta sense of one’s identity and personal worthSocial Development- Child-Rearing PracticesAuthoritarian parents impose rules and expect obedience“Don’t interrupt”. “Why? Because I said so.”Permissivesubmit to children’s desires, make few demands, use little punishmentAuthoritativeboth demanding and responsiveset rules, but explain reasons and encourage open discussionSocial Development: Child-Rearing
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