Drugs and ConsciousnessSlide 2Dependence & AddictionWithdrawal & DependenceMisconceptions About AddictionPsychoactive Drugs1. DepressantsSlide 8Why do college students drink?Slide 10Slide 11DepressantsSlide 132. Stimulants2. Stimulants: Caffeine & Nicotine2. Stimulants: Why Do People Smoke?2. Stimulants: Why Do People Smoke?2. Stimulants C. Cocaine2. Stimulants: Crack and Cocaine2. Stimulants: D. Ecstasy3. Hallucinogens3. Hallucinogens: Names of Drugs3. Hallucinogens: Meth3. Hallucinogens3. Hallucinogens: Near-Death ExperiencesSpiders on DrugsDrugs Make you Ugly!DrugsInfluences on Drug UseSlide 30Marijuana UseInfluence for Drug Prevention and TreatmentMouse Party: Learn About DrugsDrugs and ConsciousnessMod 72Drugs and ConsciousnessPsychoactive Drug: A chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood (affects consciousness).3Dependence & AddictionContinued use of a psychoactive drug produces tolerance. With repeated exposure to a drug, the drug’s effect lessens. Thus it takes greater quantities to get the desired effect.4Withdrawal & Dependence1. Withdrawal: Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of withdrawal.2. Dependence: Absence of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical dependence), and negative emotions (psychological dependence).5Misconceptions About Addiction1. Addictive drugs quickly corrupt.2. Addiction cannot be overcome voluntarily.3. Addiction is no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors.6Psychoactive DrugsPsychoactive drugs are divided into three groups.1. Depressants 2. Stimulants3. Hallucinogens1. DepressantsDepressants are drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. They include:A. Alcohol B. BarbituratesC. Opiates81. DepressantsA. Alcohol affects motor skills, judgment, and memory…and increases aggressiveness while reducing self awareness.Drinking and DrivingDaniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHSRay Ng/ Time & Life Pictures/ Getty ImagesWhy do college students drink? 1. Increases sociability2. Relieves anxiety or tension3. Feel elated or euphoric4. Less inhibited5. Can go along with friends6. Different state of consciousness7. Sexual inhibition8. Stops worrying9. Alleviates depression10. Less self-conscious101. DepressantsB. Barbiturates: Drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment. Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal are some examples.•BARBITURATEAmytal Sodium Butisol Sodium Luminal Nembutal Sodium Phenobarbital Seconal Sodium BENZODIAZEPINESAtivan Dalmane Doral Estazolam Flurazepam Halcion Lorazepam Midazolam HCL Prosom RestorilTemazepamTriazolam Alprazolam Ativan Chlordiazepoxide Clorazepate Diazepam LibriumLorazepamOxazepam Serax Tranxene SD Tranxene TValium Xanax Xanax XR Clonazepam Klonopin1. Depressants C. Names of Opiates•Opium, Hydromorphone, Oxymorphone, Heroin, Morphine, Oxycodone, Talwin, Codeine, Harry, Doogie, Crown Crap, Chiva, China White, Joy Powder, Big H, White Lady, Methadone, Meperdine, Hydrocodone, Vicodin, Tecata, Smeck131. Depressants3. Opiates: Opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. They are highly addictive.http://opioids.com/timeline142. StimulantsStimulants are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. Examples of stimulants are: 1. Caffeine 2. Nicotine3. Cocaine4. Ecstasy5. Amphetamines6. Methamphetamines152. Stimulants: Caffeine & NicotineA & B. Caffeine and nicotine increase heart and breathing rates and other autonomic functions to provide energy.http://www.tech-res-intl.comhtp://ofce.microsof.com/clipart162. Stimulants: Why Do People Smoke?1. People smoke because it is socially rewarding.2. Smoking is also a result of genetic factors.Russel Einhorn/ The Gamma Liason Network172. Stimulants: Why Do People Smoke?3. Nicotine takes away unpleasant cravings (negative reinforcement) by triggering epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and endorphins.4. Nicotine itself is rewarding (positive reinforcement).18 2. Stimulants C. CocaineCocaine induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash. Crack, a form of cocaine, can be smoked. Other forms of cocaine can be sniffed or injected.http://www.ohsinc.com2. Stimulants: Crack and Cocainehtp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lrd5xtyfjFw&feature=PlayList&p=94BA48C2FA4063AC&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=1820 2. Stimulants: D. EcstasyEcstasy or Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a stimulant and mild hallucinogen. It produces a euphoric high and can damage serotonin-producing neurons, which results in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory.Greg Smith/ AP Photos213. HallucinogensHallucinogens are psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.Ronald K. Siegel3. Hallucinogens: Names of Drugs•Acid, Peyote, Mighty Quinn, Mescal, Ibogaine, Window Panes, MDMA, Gelatin, Pearly Gates, Owsley Acid, Mind Detergent, Bufotenine, California Triple Dip, Sandoz’s, Sunshine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Mescaline, Cube, Salvia Divinorum, Blue Cheers, Vacation, Hawk, LSD, Wedding Bells, Adams, Phenethylamines, Psilocybin Analogs, Brown Dot, Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds, Strawberries, Bloter, Pink Wedge, Psilocybin, Mushrooms, ‘Shrooms, Ayahuasca, and other names.3. Hallucinogens: Meth•htp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=at3Sg6qvgTE243. Hallucinogens 1. LSD: (lysergic acid diethylamide) powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid.2. THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol): is the major active ingredient in marijuana (hemp plant) that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations.htp://static.howstuffworks.comHemp Plant25After a close brush with death, many people report an experience of moving through a dark tunnel with a light at the end. Under the influence of hallucinogens, others report bright lights at the center of their field of vision.3. Hallucinogens: Near-Death Experiences(From “Hallucinations” by R.K. Siegel. Copyright © 1977 Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.)Spiders on Drugshtp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p2HipedgM3IDrugs Make you Ugly!•htp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEFPdNv2Ddk28DrugsSummary29Influences on Drug UseThe graph below shows the percentage of US high- school seniors reporting their use of alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine from the 70s to the late 90s.30Influences on Drug