Quiz 1 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. ____ 1. The word psychology comes from the roots psyche and logos, which mean respectively a. behavior and science. b. brain and science. c. mind and knowledge or study. d. personality and knowledge or study. ____ 2. Psychology would best be described as a. the study of human origins, evolution, and cultures. b. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. c. a natural science integrating physiology and neurology. d. the deductive study of forms and functions of human groups. ____ 3. Which of the following is the best example of covert behavior? a. blinking in response to a light b. imitating a friend's gesture c. remembering a pleasant experience d. rapid eye movements while sleeping ____ 4. Scientific observation is based on the a. gathering of introspective data. b. utilization of personal, subjective data. c. utilization of common-sense theories and everyday personal experiences. d. gathering of empirical evidence. ____ 5. Psychology is different from the fields of history, law, and business because psychology relies on which of the following to answer questions about behavior? a. anecdotal evidence b. scientific observations c. commonsense reasoning d. direct philosophic inquiry ____ 6. Which of the following is the best description of a research method? a. an intuitive process by which cause and effect can be established b. a systematic process for answering scientific questions c. any experiment that lacks a control group d. an investigative observation that relies on commonsense reasoning ____ 7. The goals of psychology are to a. develop effective methods of psychotherapy and cure mental illness. b. describe, understand, predict, and control behavior. c. research, infer, summarize, and publish. d. compare, analyze, and control human behavior. ____ 8. Research on “bystander apathy” reveals that people often fail to help when other possible helpers are nearby due to a “diffusion of responsibility.” Explaining this perplexing problem meets which goal of psychology? a. description b. prediction c. understanding d. control____ 9. A type of reflection involving the support of beliefs through scientific explanation and observation is called __________ thinking. a. critical b. transductive c. deductive d. creative ____ 10. Any false and unscientific system of beliefs and practices that is offered as an explanation of behavior is called a. psychoanalysis. b. pseudopsychology. c. social learning. d. humanism. ____ 11. The more general the prediction a fortune teller or palmist makes, the more believable are the results. This fact has been called the a. Guilford effect. b. phenologist’s fallacy. c. Barnum effect. d. Gall fallacy. ____ 12. The six steps of the scientific method include observation, defining a problem, proposing a hypothesis, testing they hypothesis, publishing the results, and a. cost-benefit analysis. b. anecdotal analysis. c. theory building. d. consensus review. ____ 13. The results of a study become more credible when other researchers a. define them. b. replicate them. c. accept them. d. relate them to common sense. ____ 14. Psychology became a science in 1879 when psychologists began to a. avoid deductive thinking. b. understand the relationship between humans and animals. c. use machines to record the behaviors of organisms. d. make observations, perform experiments, and seek information. ____ 15. The father of psychology and founder of the first psychological laboratory was a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. Sigmund Freud. c. John B. Watson. d. B.F. Skinner. ____ 16. The structuralist school of psychology a. used introspection to analyze conscious experience. b. relied heavily on the concept of natural selection. c. was concerned with experiences as wholes. d. used dream analysis to reveal the unconscious. ____ 17. Which psychologist said, “Give me a dozen healthy infants...and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select...”? a. William James b. Ivan Pavlov c. Sigmund Freudd. John Watson ____ 18. A learned reaction to a particular stimulus is called a(n) a. conditioned response. b. self-observation. c. conscious experience. d. unconscious motivation. ____ 19. In shaping our personalities, Freud stressed the role of a. self-actualization. b. conditioned responses. c. rewards and punishments. d. unconscious conflicts. ____ 20. Which of the following would be considered humanistic psychologists? a. B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson b. Wilhelm Wundt and E.B. Titchener c. Max Wertheimer and William James d. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers ____ 21. You have discovered a new vitamin that you believe will improve memory in the elderly. Your best bet for accurately testing the effectiveness of the vitamin would be to use a. naturalistic observation. b. the experimental method. c. case histories. d. the survey method. ____ 22. Any condition that can change and that might affect the outcome of the experiment is called a(n) a. variable. b. mediator. c. stimulus. d. experimental behavior. ____ 23. In an experiment to study the effects of fertilizer on plants, the fertilizer used on each plant would be the __________ variable. a. dependent b. extraneous c. control d. independent ____ 24. Subjects are said to be assigned randomly when a. they are selected to participate in an experiment from a sample which is representative of the larger population. b. they each have an equal chance of being assigned to either the experimental or control group. c. they are assigned to experimental and control groups so that the groups differ on some critical variable before the experiment begins. d. neither the experimenter nor the subject knows whether the subject is in the experimental or control group. ____ 25. A psychologist observes the confrontation between two rival neighborhood gangs from the window of an abandoned building. This method of collecting observations is best described as a. experimental regression. b. naturalistic observation. c. controlled experimentation. d. clinical case