EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY EIGHTH EDITION IN MODULES David MyersMemorySlide 3Slide 4Slide 5ForgettingEncoding FailureStorage DecayRetrieval FailureInterferenceRetroactive InterferenceClose-Up: Retrieving PasswordsMotivated ForgettingWhen Do We Forget?Memory ConstructionMisinformation and Imagination EffectsSource AmnesiaChildren’s Eyewitness RecallRepressed or Constructed Memories of AbuseImproving MemorySlide 21EXPLORINGPSYCHOLOGYEIGHTH EDITION IN MODULESDavid MyersPowerPoint SlidesAneeq AhmadHenderson State UniversityWorth Publishers, © 20112MemoryForgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving MemoryModule 2134ForgettingEncoding FailureStorage DecayRetrieval FailureCLOSE –UP: Retrieving Passwords5Memory ConstructionMisinformation and Imagination EffectsSource AmnesiaChildren’s Eyewitness RecallRepressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?Improving Memory6ForgettingAn inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval.Being able to forget information that is no longer useful is certainly a blessing. However, being unable to remember information we need can be frustrating and annoying.7Encoding FailureWe cannot remember what we do not encode.8Storage DecayPoor durability of stored memories leads to their decay. Ebbinghaus showed this with his forgetting curve.9Retrieval FailureAlthough the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be accessed.10InterferenceLearning some new information may disruptretrieval of other information.Proactive interference occurs when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later.Retroactive interference occurs when learning something new makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier.11Retroactive InterferenceSleep helps prevent retroactive interference because it minimizes the chance for interfering events.Close-Up: Retrieving PasswordsMost of us have many passwords to remember (email, work, bank, etc). As a result we encounter proactive interference from irrelevant old information and retroactive interference from other newly learned information.1213Motivated ForgettingFreud argued that our memories self-censor, proposing that we repress painful memories to protect our self - concept and to minimize anxiety. He believed that these memories lingered to be later retrieved by some cue or by therapy.However, increasing numbers of memory researchers believe that repression rarely, if ever, occurs.14When Do We Forget?Forgetting can occur at any memory stage. We filter, alter, or lose much information during these stages.15Memory ConstructionWhile tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent.We don’t just retrieve our memories, we reweave them, incorporating information we imagined, expected, saw, and heard after the event.16The misinformation effect is incorporating misleading information into the memory of an event. Eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned about the event.Misinformation and Imagination Effects When people who had seen the film of a car accident were later asked a leading question, they recalled a more serious accident than they had witnessed. (From Loftus, 1979.)17Source AmnesiaSource amnesia, also called source misattribution, is the attribution of an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution). Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.18Children’s eyewitness recall can be unreliable if leading questions are posed. However, if cognitive interviews are neutrally worded, the accuracy of their recall increases. In cases of sexual abuse, this usually suggests a lower percentage of abuse.Children’s Eyewitness Recall19There are two tragedies involved in adult recollections of childhood abuse – disbelief of those who come forward, and falsely accusing the innocent.Those committed to protecting abused children and those committed to protecting wrongly accused adults agree that:-Sexual abuse happens-Injustice happens-Forgetting happens-Recovered memories are commonplace-Memories of things happening before age 3 are not reliable-Memories “recovered” under hypnosis or the influence of drugs are especially unreliable-Memories, whether true or false, can be upsetting Repressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse20Improving Memory•Study repeatedly to boost long-term recall.•Make material personally meaningful.•Activate retrieval cues•Use mnemonic devices:–associate with peg words — something already stored–make up a story–chunk — acronyms21Improving Memory•Minimize interference:–Test your own knowledge.–Rehearse and then determine what you do not yet know.•Sleep more•Test your own knowledge, both to rehearse it and to help determine what you do not yet know.© LWA-Dann Tardiff/
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