Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Contemporary Research-- The Trait PerspectiveSlide 3The Trait PerspectiveSlide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Social-Cognitive PerspectiveSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Module 31Contemporary Perspectives on Personality: Trait and Social Cognitive James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson UniversityEdited by Linda ZimmermanWorth PublishersContemporary Research-- The Trait PerspectiveTrait a characteristic pattern of behaviora disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reportsContemporary Research-- The Trait PerspectivePersonality Inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviorsused to assess selected personality traitsThe Trait PerspectiveHans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variationUNSTABLESTABLEcholericmelancholicphlegmatic sanguineINTROVERTEDEXTRAVERTEDMoodyAnxiousRigidSoberPessimisticReservedUnsociableQuietSociableOutgoingTalkativeResponsiveEasygoingLivelyCarefreeLeadershipPassiveCarefulThoughtfulPeacefulControlledReliableEven-temperedCalmTouchyRestlessAggressiveExcitableChangeableImpulsiveOptimisticActiveThe Trait PerspectiveMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality testsoriginally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use)now used for many other screening purposesThe Trait PerspectiveEmpirically Derived Testa test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groupssuch as the MMPIThe Trait PerspectiveMinnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profileHysteria(uses symptoms to solve problems)Masculinity/femininity(interests like those of other sex)T-score123456789100 30 40 50 60 70 80 Hypochondriasis(concern with body symptoms)Depression(pessimism, hopelessness)Psychopathic deviancy(disregard for social standards)Paranoia(delusions, suspiciousness)Psychasthenia(anxious, guilt feelings)Schizophrenia(withdrawn, bizarre thoughts)Hypomania(overactive, excited, impulsive)Social introversion(shy, inhibited)ClinicallysignificantrangeAfter treatment(no scoresin the clinicallysignificant range)Beforetreatment(anxious,depressed,and displayingdeviantbehaviors)The Trait PerspectiveThe “Big Five” Personality FactorsTrait Dimension DescriptionEmotional Stability Calm versus anxious Secure versus insecure Self-satisfied versus self-pityingExtraversion Sociable versus retiring Fun-loving versus sober Affectionate versus reservedOpenness Imaginative versus practical Preference for variety versuspreference for routine Independent versus conformingExtraversion Soft-hearted versus ruthless Trusting versus suspicious Helpful versus uncooperativeConscientiousness Organized versus disorganized Careful versus careless Disciplined versus impulsiveThe Trait PerspectiveWith age, personality traits become more stableSocial-Cognitive PerspectiveSocial-Cognitive Perspectiveviews behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social contextReciprocal Determinism the interacting influences between personality and environmental factorsSocial-Cognitive PerspectiveSocial-Cognitive PerspectivePersonal Controlour sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helplessExternal Locus of Control the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fateSocial-Cognitive PerspectiveInternal Locus of Control the perception that one controls one’s own fateLearned Helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive eventsSocial-Cognitive PerspectiveLearned HelplessnessUncontrollablebad eventsPerceivedlack of controlGeneralizedhelpless behaviorSocial-Cognitive PerspectivePositive Psychologythe scientific study of optimal human functioningaims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to
View Full Document
Unlocking...