Slide 1States of ConsciousnessSleep and DreamsSlide 4Slide 5Brain Waves and Sleep StagesSlide 7Typical Nightly Sleep StagesSlide 9Sleep DeprivationSlide 11Slide 12Sleep DisordersSlide 14Dreams--FreudDreamsDrugs and ConsciousnessDrug TolerancePsychoactive DrugsSlide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Cocaine Euphoria and CrashNear Death ExperiencesSlide 27Slide 28Trends in Drug UsePerceived Marijuana Risk and Actual UseMyers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed)Modules 5,6,7 States of ConsciousnessJames A. McCubbin, PhDClemson UniversityWorth PublishersStates of ConsciousnessConsciousnessour awareness of ourselves and our environmentSelective Attentionthe focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimuluscocktail party effectSleep and DreamsFantasy Prone Personalityimagines and recalls experiences with lifelike vividnessspends considerable time fantasizingCircadian rhythm the biological clockcyclical bodily rhythms wakefulness body temperatureSleep and DreamsREM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams commonly occuralso known as paradoxical sleep muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are activeSleep and DreamsBrain Waves and Sleep StagesAlpha Wavesslow brain waves of a relaxed, awake stateDelta Waveslarge, slow waves of deep sleep Hallucinationsfalse sensory experiencesBrain Waves and Sleep StagesSleepPeriodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousnessTypical Nightly Sleep Stages0 1 2 3 4 5 6 74321SleepstagesAwakeHours of sleepREMTypical Nightly Sleep StagesHours of sleepMinutesof Stage 4 and REM1 23 45 6 7 80101520255Decreasing Stage 4Increasing REMSleep DeprivationEffects of Sleep Lossfatigueimpaired concentrationimmune suppressionirritabilityslowed performanceaccidents•planes•autos and trucksSleep Deprivation2,4002,7002,6002,5002,800Spring time change(hour sleep loss)3,6004,20040003,800Fall time change(hour sleep gained)Less sleep,more accidentsMore sleep,fewer accidentsMonday before time change Monday after time changeAccident frequencySleep DeprivationAre You Sleep Deprived?1. Need an alarm clock in order to wake up at the appropriate time.2. It’s a struggle for me to get out of bed in the morning.3. Weekday mornings I hit the snooze bar several times to get more sleep.4. I feel tired, irritable, and stressed out during the week.5. I have trouble concentrating and remembering.6. I feel slow with critical thinking, problem solving, and being creative.7. I often fall asleep watching TV.8. I often fall asleep in boring meetings or lectures or in warm rooms.9. I often fall asleep after heavy meals or after a low dose of alcohol. 10. I often fall asleep while relaxing after dinner.11. I often fall asleep within five minutes of getting into bed.12. I often feel drowsy while driving.13. I often sleep extra hours on weekend mornings.14. I often need a nap to get through the day.15. I have dark circles around my eyes.Sleep DisordersInsomniarecurring problems in falling or staying asleepNarcolepsyuncontrollable sleep attackssufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune timesSleep DisordersSleep Apneacharacterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakeningsNight Terrorshigh arousal-appearance of being terrifiedusually in Stage 4, within 2-3 hours of falling asleepDreams--FreudDreamssequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mindSigmund Freud-The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)dreams viewed as wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable feelingsDreamsManifest Contentremembered story line of a dreamLatent Contentunderlying, censored meaning of a dreamREM Reboundtendency for REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivationDrugs and ConsciousnessPsychoactive Druga chemical substance that alters perceptions and alters moodPhysical Dependence a physiological need for a drugmarked by unpleasant withdrawal symptomsPsychological Dependencea psychological need to use a drugfor example, to relieve negative emotionsDrug ToleranceTolerancediminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drugWithdrawaldiscomfort and distress that follow discontinued use of an addictive drug After repeatedexposure, moredrug is needed to produce same effectDrug doseDrug effectResponse tofirst exposurePsychoactive DrugsDepressantsdrugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions alcohol, barbiturates, opiatesStimulantsdrugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functionscaffeine, nicotine, amphetaminesPsychoactive DrugsHallucinogenspsychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory inputLSDPsychoactive DrugsBarbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgementPsychoactive DrugsOpiatesopium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxietyPsychoactive DrugsAmphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changesPsychoactive DrugsThe physiological effects of nicotineCocaine Euphoria and CrashNear Death ExperiencesNear Death Experiencean altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with deathoften similar to drug-induced hallucinationsPsychoactive DrugsLSD lysergic acid diethylamidea powerful hallucinogenic drugalso known as acidTHCthe major active ingredient in marijuanatriggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinationsPsychoactive DrugsDrug Type Pleasurable Effects Adverse EffectsAlcohol Depressant Initial high followed by Depression, memory loss, organ relaxation and disinhibition damage, impaired reactionsHeroin Depressant Rush of euphoria, relief from Depressed physiology, pain agonizing withdrawalCaffeine Stimulant Increased alertness and Anxiety, restlessness, and wakefulness insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawalMetham- Stimulant Euphoria, alertness, energy Irritability, insomnia, phetamine hypertension, seizuresCocaine Stimulant Rush of euphoria, confidence, Cardiovascular stress, energy