Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)What is Personality?The Psychoanalytic PerspectiveSlide 4Slide 5Slide 6Personality StructureSlide 8Slide 9Slide 10Personality DevelopmentSlide 12Slide 13Defense MechanismsSlide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Assessing the UnconsciousSlide 20Neo-FreudiansHumanistic PerspectiveSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)Module 33Historic Perspectives on Personality: Psychoanalytic and Humanistic James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson UniversityWorth PublishersWhat is Personality?Personalityan individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and actingbasic perspectivesPsychoanalyticHumanisticThe Psychoanalytic PerspectiveFreud’s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personalityThe Psychoanalytic PerspectiveFree Associationin psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconsciousperson relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassingThe Psychoanalytic PerspectivePsychoanalysisFreud’s theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflictstechniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensionsThe Psychoanalytic PerspectiveUnconsciousaccording to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memoriescontemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unawarePersonality StructureIdcontains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energystrives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drivesoperates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratificationPersonality StructureSuperegothe part of personality that presents internalized idealsprovides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirationsPersonality StructureEgothe largely conscious, “executive” part of personalitymediates among the demands of the id, superego, and realityoperates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than painPersonality StructureFreud’s idea of the mind’s structureIdSuperegoEgo Conscious mindUnconscious mindPersonality DevelopmentPsychosexual Stagesthe childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zonesOedipus Complexa boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival fatherPersonality DevelopmentFreud’s Psychosexual StagesStage FocusOral Pleasure centers on the mouth--(0-18 months) sucking, biting, chewingAnal Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder (18-36 months) elimination; coping with demands for controlPhallic Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with (3-6 years) incestuous sexual feelingsLatency Dormant sexual feelings(6 to puberty)Genital Maturation of sexual interests(puberty on)Personality DevelopmentIdentificationthe process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegosFixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolvedDefense MechanismsDefense Mechanismsthe ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting realityRepression the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousnessDefense MechanismsRegression defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixatedDefense MechanismsReaction Formation defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their oppositespeople may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelingsDefense MechanismsProjection defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to othersRationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actionsDefense MechanismsDisplacementdefense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or personas when redirecting anger toward a safer outletAssessing the UnconsciousProjective Test a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamicsAssessing the UnconsciousRorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective testa set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschachseeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blotsNeo-FreudiansAlfred Adlerimportance of childhood social tensionKaren Horneysought to balance Freud’s masculine biasesCarl Jungemphasized the collective unconscious concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ historyHumanistic PerspectiveAbraham Maslow (1908-1970)studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)Humanistic PerspectiveSelf-Actualizationthe ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achievedthe motivation to fulfill one’s potentialHumanistic PerspectiveCarl Rogers (1902-1987)focused on growth and fulfillment of individualsgenuinenessacceptanceempathyHumanistic PerspectiveUnconditional Positive Regardan attitude of total acceptance toward another personSelf-Conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, “Who am
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