Slide 1Adolescence and PubertySlide 3Slide 4Physical DevelopmentSlide 6Slide 7Brain DevelopmentCognitive DevelopmentDeveloping MoralityKohlberg’s Moral LadderSocial DevelopmentSlide 13Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentSlide 15Slide 16Developing Identity as Gender RelatedSlide 18Separating from ParentsWhat about your Adolescence?A time of great changesAdolescence and Puberty•Adolescence–the transition period from childhood to adulthood–extending from puberty to independence•Puberty–the period of sexual maturation–when one first becomes capable of reproductionHeight Differences in Boys and GirlsBody Changes at PubertyPhysical DevelopmentPrimary Sex Characteristics•body structures that make sexual reproduction possible–ovaries--female–testes--male–external genitaliaSecondary Sex Characteristics•nonreproductive sexual characteristics–female--enlarged breast, hips–male--voice quality, body hairMenarche (meh-NAR-key)–first menstrual periodPhysical Development In the 1890s the average interval between a woman’s menarche and marriage was about 7 years; now it is nearly 12 years.10207.2-Year Interval102011.8-Year IntervalAgeAge1890, Women1988, WomenPhysical DevelopmentThroughout childhood, boys and girls are similar in height. At puberty, girls surge ahead briefly, but then boys overtake them at about age 14.Height in centimeters1901701501301109070500 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18Age in yearsBoys GirlsBrain DevelopmentAt teenage: •our brains begin to prune out unused cells.•frontal lobe development (cognition) lags behind development of the (emotional) limbic system.In the late teens and early 20s:•the frontal lobe development increases bringing greater judgment, impulse control, and planning ability.Cognitive DevelopmentPreadolescents•Reason concretely (concrete operational thought)Adolescents•Capable of abstract knowledge (formal operational thought) If ___ then___.Developing MoralityWhat is morality?•“discerning right from wrong” David Myers•Thinking morally and acting morallyLawrence Kohlberg was interested in how moral reasoning develops.•Research in various cultures confirm his ladder of morality development up to the postconventional level. Many argue that this level was biased when applied to Asian cultures or to women.Kohlberg’s Moral LadderAs moral development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social worldMorality of abstractprinciples: to affirmagreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principlesMorality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoiddisapprovalMorality of self-interest:to avoid punishmentor gain concrete rewardsPostconventionallevelConventional levelPreconventional levelMorality of abstractprinciples: to affirmagreed-upon rights andpersonal ethical principlesMorality of law andsocial rules: to gainapproval or avoiddisapprovalMorality of self-interest:to avoid punishmentor gain concrete rewardsPostconventionallevelConventional levelPreconventional levelSocial Development•Identity–one’s sense of self–the adolescent’s task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles•Intimacy–the ability to form close, loving relationships–a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthoodSocial Development•Basic Trust (Erik Erikson)–a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy–said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregiversErikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development•Approximate•age Stage Description of Task•Infancy Trust vs. mistrust If needs are dependably met, infants•(1st year) develop a sense of basic trust.••Toddler Autonomy vs. shame Toddlers learn to exercise will and •(2nd year) and doubt do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.•Preschooler Initiative vs. guilt Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks•(3-5 years) and carry out plans, or they feel• guilty about efforts to be independent.•Elementary Competence vs. Children learn the pleasure of applying•(6 years- inferiority themselves to tasks, or they feel •puberty) inferior.•Approximate•age Stage Description of Task•Adolescence Identity vs. role Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by(teens into 20s) confusion testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are•Young Adult Intimacy vs. Young adults struggle to form close relation- •(20’s to early isolation ships and to gain the capacity for intimate •40s) love, or they feel socially isolated.•Middle Adult Generativity vs. The middle-aged discover a sense of contri-•(40s to 60s) stagnation buting to the world, usually through family•and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.•Late Adult Integrity vs. When reflecting on his or her life, the older•(late 60s and despair adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or•up) failure.Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial DevelopmentTable 9.1Myers: Exploring Psychology, Sixth Edition in ModulesCopyright © 2005 by Worth PublishersDeveloping Identity as Gender RelatedCarol Gilligan•objected to Erikson’s “male” ideal of developing identity individualistically.•studied women’s morality•women are more concerned with “making connections” as part of their identity•women are more interdependentInteresting gender differences•Both men and women report their friendships with women to have greater intimacy, pleasure, and nurturingSocial DevelopmentThe changing parent-child relationship100% 80 60 40 20 0 2 to 4 5 to 8 9 to 11 Ages of child in yearsPercent withpositive, warminteractionwith parentsSeparating from Parents•Studies find that most adolescents like their parents, but bicker with them frequently.•Good relations with parents translate into good peer relationships•Teens talk, dress, and act more like peers than their parents.•As teenagers mature, they become more and more independent from their parents and this is as it must be.What about your Adolescence?Answer these questions to better understand your own development through this stage:1. What was the most significant occurrence during your adolescence? (i.e. What event had the greatest influence on who you are now?) 2. What was the biggest challenge for