KIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Review Fall 20131. know the role of the components of a nephron and their role in urine formation (i.e. where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion occur and how)a. glamarulis – fenestration in it to allow stuff to pass throughi. filtration occurs hereii. occurs because of hydrostatic pressure & oncotic pressureb. bomen’s capsulei. Proximal convoluted tubule1. Selective secretion happens here2. What remains is what we want to get rid of: uric acid, hydrogen ions… (not sodium, potassium, magnesium, some water)ii. Loop of henle1. Descending segment of loop of henle2. Ascending segment of loop of henle3. Counter current multiplication occurs here4. Sodium balanceiii. Distal convoluted tubule1. Secretion occurs herre – anything that needs to be removed, only thing reabsorbed is water & handful of ions2. Selective reabsorbtionc. Peritubular capillariesd. Peritubular fluid2. know the process of urine formationa. goes through the nephron in the renal medulla, moves from minor calyx to major calyx, goes through renal pelvis into the ureter and from the ureter is goes to the bladder. It is excreted via the urethra etc.3. what is the role of the loop of Henle? Explain countercurrent multiplication.a. Countercurrent multiplicationb. Maintain osmotic pressurec. Sodium pump on ascending segmentd. Loop is tight & close togethere. Sodium in peritubular fluid – water gets pulled outf. Pulled out of thin descending limbg. The result is a ton of sodium in the middleh. Because of the close proximity, it also increases the oncotic pressure on the other sidei. Pump continues pushing sodium out4. What is GFR, how is it regulated and what things can effect it? (autoregulation, hormonal regulation, autonomic regulation)a. GFR – glomerular filtration rateb. Filtration altered by blood pressure & visa versai. Directly relatedc. Regulationi. Autoregulation1. Change diameter of arterioles2. GFR decreases  afferent will dialate, efferent will constrict, this increases volume on inside of glomarulisii. Hormonal1. Renina. Anytime there is a decrease in gfr, decrease in plasma, decrease in CO, decrease in BV, decrease in BP, decrease in sodium concentration2. Renin  angiotensin3. Angiotensin  angiotensin I4. Angiotensin I  angiotensin converting enzyme  angiotensin II5. Angiotensin IIa. Induces/causes increase in vasoconstrictionKIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Review Fall 2013b. Blood volume goes up, increase retaining sodiumc. Gfr goes back upd. Activation of adrenal gland & hormone aldosteronei. Stimulates pituitary gland - Makes you thirsty6. Natriuretic peptidea. Released by kidneyb. Released when gfr is highc. Release/remove sodiumd. Trying to decrease the amount of plasma/blood volumeiii. Autonomic1. Sympathetic Nervous system2. Vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles3. Any need to decrease gfr4. Slows down production5. what is the role of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?a. Bundle of epithelial cells that are linked and communicate with each other via enzymes/hormonesb. Vasa recta is connected to thisc. Smooth muscle fibers in walls of afferent arterioled. Have ability based on chemical changes to know what blood volume, red cell count it, and can change it as they see fite. Responsible for releasing EPO and Renin6. What is diffusion?a. The movement of substances across a membrane either with or against their concentration gradient7. what is carrier mediated transport (what are the types and their characteristics)?a. Facilitated diffusioni. Using carrier proteins to move substances across the membrane, follows conentration gradientb. Active transporti. Using ATP to move substance across membrane against concentration gradientc. Cotransporti. 2 substances travelling together through same tube using 1 substances concentration gradient, the other is “hitching a ride”d. Countertransporti. Same as cotransport except the substances are moving in opposite directions8. be aware of how specifically reabsorption and secretion occur in the PCT and the DCTa. stated above9. Explain the hormones of the urinary system and their rolesa. Stated above10. What is the Renin-Angiotensin system?a. Stated above11. what are the six major functions of the digestive system?a. 1. ingestionb. 2. Mechanical processingc. 3. Digestion d. 4. Secretion e. 5. Absorption f. 6. Excretion 12. What are the layers of the walls of the digestive system and what are the major functions of each layer?a. Simple columnar epitheliumi. Release gastric juicesii. Decrease stomach pH  GASTRIN releasediii. Gastrin leads to pepsinogens, mucous, and HCliv. Pepsinogens1. Breakdown of initial proteinsKIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Final Exam Review Fall 2013v. Mucous1. Protect lining of stomachvi.13. What is peristalsis? Segmentation? Mass Movement? Where do these things occur?a. Peristalsisi. Circular wave like contractions to move food along a tubeii. Large intestineb. Segmentationi. Cycles of waving contractionsii. stomachc. Mass movementi. Small intestineii. Occurs once or twice per dayiii. Completely eliminate a mass14. What are the major functions of the liver with regards to digestion? The gall bladder? The pancreas?15. What are the activities of the mouth and oral cavity with regards to digestion? What enzymes are present here andwhat do they do?a. Mechanical processing/breakdownb. Salivary amylasec. deglutination16. What are the activities of the stomach and what enzymes and hormones are present? What types of digestion takeplace here and how.a. Gastrin, pepsinogens, mucousb. Digest proteins,c. Absorption of water, ions, alcohol, occasionally glucose17. what is chyme and how is it formed?a. Watery foodb. Formed in stomach through mixing gastric juices, etc18. what is the role of the pyloric sphincter?a. Segmentation – mixes it all together19. About how long does it take to empty the stomach? Small intestine?a. 4-6 hours20. What are the activities of the small intestine? 21. Why is the duodenum so important? What enzymes and hormones are present here and what types of digestion take place here?a. Two main ducts lead into itb. Need to be mixed into foodc. Pancreatic duct, common bile duct22. What are the components of pancreatic juice?a. Comes from pancreatic ducti. Pancreatic amylase – finish breakdown of starch and CHO’sii. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypepidaseiii. Lipase- fat/lipid breakdowniv. Nucleases – break down nucleaic