11.15.13 kin 272 class notes- Oxygen transporto 1. 2 % dissolved in plasmao 2. 98% bound to hemoglobin oxyhemoglobin = HbO2 majority is attached to hemoglobin high affinity for one another- concept of oxygen binding to hemoglobin amount to which hemoglobin is containing all that it can carry oxygen saturation (all 4 sites on hemoglobin full of oxygen)- if we had 100% saturation, all of sites on hemoglobin would be full- its normally about 98% saturated- carbon dioxide transportationo increase partial pressure of co2, increases ability to dissolve into plasmao 1. About 23% of carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin carboaminohemoglobin only 1 co2 at a time high affinity for oxygen, there mustn’t be any oxygen bound in order for co2 to bindo 2. 7% of Co2 dissolved in plasma ^red cell/plasma involvedo 3. Majority – 70%, transported via carbonic acid/bicarbonateo tissues (mitochondria) kreb’s cycle – co2 is biproduct etc – water is biproduct pushed into cytoplasm, join together to form H2Co3 (carbonic acid) formed in cytoplasm, kicked out of cell doesn’t travel well in the blood how do we know this is an acid?- When you take carbonic acid, put it in the blood, dissolve it in water, H+ ion is removed HCO3- Hydrogen is bad, needs to be taken care of- Now we are in the bloodo To some extent, the RBC- H+ attaches to hemoglobin molecule not attached to CO2, mismatch, HHb (attaches faster than CO2) HCO3 – bicarbonate, baking soda, neutral, travels that way- Going to be in the plasma, will bind to sodium- sodium bicarbonate- chloride will move into RBC as well- travel from tissues to lungso ability tissues to lungs- hydrogen bound to hemoglobin- HCO3 added to sodium- In the blood ^^- lungs (blood)o hemoglobin & hydrogen dissociateo So will the sodium, is going to move itself back into RBC in exchange for chlorideo Sodium came from RBCo H+ + HCO3 H2CO3 (comes back together) Lungs Cross line into the alveoli As soon as this happens, it splits back into what it began to be in the first place CO2 + H2O Exhale both of these Biproducts of respiration- Perfusion of lungs how much to ventilate?o Increase ventilation = increase respiration = increase transportation? = Increase consumption??o How much will the AVO2diff change?- Perfusion can be changed by…o Local control of respiration (tissue level) Sensors recognize the PCO2 in bronchioles = bronchiomotion Increase = bronchiodilation Decrease = bronchioconstrictiono Neural control = respiratory control centers in medulla (brain stem) Two groups:- 1. Dorsal respiratory groupo responsible for innervating the phrenic nerveo this is the main operating nerve for diaphragmo this respiratory group is also responsible for innervating the external intercostals and anything to increase ventilation- 2. Ventral respiratory groupo responsible for innervating the accessory muscles for forced breathingo contains nerves for exhalationo allows for inhalation and exhalationo operating against one anothero last of neural control mechanisms:- located in ponso 1. Apneustic center: depth of breathingo 2. Pneumotaxix center: rate of breathingo apneustic center is in inhibited by the pneumotaxic centero the reason this happens is to promote passive or active respirationo alter rate of breathing: maintain depth, allow about
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