KIN 272 SPRING 2015 REVIEW Anatomy and Physiology II ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Exam One Material ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine send instant messengers no ducts directly into bloodstream Exocrine glands have ducts secrete onto epithelial surfaces Direct Communication Paracrine Communication Endocrine Communication Amino Acid Hormones Catecholamines Epinephrine excitatory Norepinephrine excitatory and inhibitory Dopamine excitatory and inhibitory derivatives of Tyrosine thyroid hormones T1 T3 T4 metabolic processes in the body Tryptophan Melatonin circadian rhythm light dark cycle Peptide Hormones Long chain Amino Acids Stored as inactive hormones in bits and pieces Glycoproteins Growth Hormone FSH LH Require long chains of amino acids that are not stored ahead of time made on demand Lipid Derivatives Eicosanoids Fat derivatives of arachadonic acid paracrine in nature often use them for injury and disease prostaglandin fat hormone Steroid Hormones Formed from cholesterol from the liver Sex hormones Pituitary Gland Master Gland Hangs from Hypothalamus Anterior TSH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone adrenal cortex on top of kidneys gonadotropins stimulates FSH and LSH prolactin stimulates mammary growth hormone stimulates cell repair and cell growth decrease in fatty acids and insulin growth factor decrease in glycogen in the system results in HGH release Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone production of melatonin Posterior Posterior ADH anti diuretic hormone Oxytocin Vasopressin CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Exam One Material Blood Flow Right Vena Cava deoxygenated blood main return tube for the entire system Right Atrium Tricuspid Atrioventricular Valve umbrella Right Ventricle Pulmonary Semilunar Valve contact lenses blood pressure Pulmonary Trunk Left Pulmonary Vein oxygenated blood return Left Atrium Bicuspid AV Valve Mitral Valve Left Ventricle Aortic Semilunar Valve Aorta 1 Aortic Arch Head Neck 2 Descending Aorta thorax Upper Limbs HEART Right Pulmonic Lungs Low Pressure smaller distance Thin Muscle Walls Same Amount of Volume Left Systemic System High Pressure long distance Thick Muscle Walls Coronary Arteries do not get flow when heart muscle is contracting get it when the muscle is relaxed Rest of the arteries get flow when heart is contracting TERMINOLOGY Heart Rate Number of beats cardiac cycles minute Cardiac Cycle One beat Atrium is always open always filling Systole To contract Diastole To relax Stroke Volume Amount pushed out in one beat End Systolic Volume Amount blood remaining in ventricle after contraction End Diastolic Volume Amount remaining in ventricle after relaxation before contraction CARDIAC CYCLE One Cycle One beat Atrium is always open always filling 1 Passive Ventricular Filling AV Valve Open SL Valve Closed 2 Atrial Contraction and Emptying AV Valve will close SL Valve Still Closed 3 Isovolumic Contraction AV and SL Valve Closed 4 Ventricular Contraction and Ejection AV Valve Closed SL Valve Open 5 Isovolumic Relaxation AV Valve will reopen SL Valve closed CARDIAC CALCULATIONS EDV SV ESV Amount before contraction Amount pushed out Amount remaining after contraction Fill about as much as you eject Continuous Cycle Closed System Volume between left and right ventricle is always the same Ejection Fraction EDV beat amount of fluid pushed out per beat about 60 55 65 SV x HR CO Cardiac Output volume ejected minute Average resting CO 4 6 L min Proportional to body size CO dictated by needs of system oxygen hormones etc rid of byproducts Increase CO increases SV and HR STROKE VOLUME ALTERED BY Preload Stretch in ventricle during pre ventricular filling Increases the amount of force that the ventricle can contract Frank Starling Mechanism Increases EF and SV Afterload Resistance to ventricular emptying aortic pressure Increase in SV decreases afterload CICR Calcium Induced Calcium Release Contractility Increases strength of contraction Only happens under distress CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Exam Two Three Material MAIN FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD 1 Transportation of Dissolved Gases Nutrients Hormones and Metabolic Wastes 2 Regulation of pH and ion composition in interstitial fluid 3 Restriction of fluid losses at injury sites 4 Defense against toxins and pathogens 5 Stabilization of body temperature HEMATOCRIT AND PLASMA Hematocrit 45 of whole blood Packed cells formed elements Greater amount of cell in fluid the harder it is for blood to travel through the veins increased viscosity 99 9 RBC Plasma 55 of Whole Unit 90 Water Nutrients Gases Metabolic Wastes Electrolytes Carbons 60 Plasma Proteins Globulins 35 Immune System Albumins 60 FFA binding protein Fibrinogen 4 Fibrin Clotting protein RED BLOOD CELLS Erythrocytes 37 54 of Whole Blood Supply Contain Hemoglobin No Nucleus Lifespan 120 days 4 months Shape Advantages Large surface area to mass ratio RBCs bend and flex to fit through capillaries RBC stack like dinner plates increase rate of diffusion HEMOGLOBIN Quarternary Protein 4 Heme based units 2 alpha 2 beta tertiary components with high affinity for Oxygen Oxyhemoglobin 4 bound oxygen Carbaminiohemoglobin 1 carbondioxide bound low affinity Hydrogenhemoglobin 1 H bound low affinity Does not mix passengers RED BLOOD CELL RECYCLING 1 Engulfed by Monocyte 2 Phospholipid bilayer is broken down 3 Hb broken denatured into heme units 4 Alpha and beta subunits go to kidneys Stripped down for Amino Acids that get recycled 5 Heme w o Iron Biliverden inside Monocyte 6 Biliverden goes to liver Bilirubin stored in liver 7 Bilirubin Bile stored in gall bladder emulsifies fat 8 Iron goes to bone marrow to make more RBC Extra Jaundice can t convert bilirubin to bile CELL CREATION Hemocytobla st Bone Marrow Lymphocy te Myloid Helpe r T Cell Liver Signalin Hormon g e EPO from Liver Monoblast Monocyte Myelobast Granulocytes Megakaryocyte Platelets Proerthroblast RBC Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil RBC MATURATION Proerthroblas t Basophilic Erythroblast Transcription of DNA for Hb Polychromati Erythroblast c Organelle Ejection finish RNA chains eject nucleus Orthochroma Erythroblast tic RBC Erythrocyte Ejected into Circulation 24 Hr 24 Hr Translating Hb Formation Reticulocyte WHITE BLOOD CELLS Agranulocyte Monocyte 2 8 2x diameter RBC Macrophage 24 Hr circulation Eat Bacteria and Viruses Granulocyte 1 Neutrophil 50 70 1st Responder Mobile Phagocyte 10 Hr Lifespan 30 min when actively killing invader 2 Eosinophil 2 4 stained with acid Phagocyte Eat Bacteria Cell Debris Protozoa covered in antibodies Parasitic Infections