10.18.13 kin 272 class notes- Defense capabilitieso 1 Non specific defenses Break down any foreign invader Don’t look for glycocalix Don’t use B & T cellso 2 Specific defenses 1. Cell mediated defense 2. Antibody mediated defense B & T cell involved ^^o Whole immunities based on one white blood cello Those that use the lymphocyte and something that use something other than a lymphocyte- Non specific groupo 1. Physical barriers Include integumentary system- Skin- 30-50 cell layers thick- tight adhered epithelial cells- laminated cells (waterproofing)- foreign invaders get in through breaks in integument mucous membranes orifices- throat- nose- digestive tract- respiratory system- lower end of the digestive system- these opening contain mucous producing cellso goblet cello simple columnar epithelial cells (columns with nuclei at bottom) regions above nucleus – watery looking cell look like adipocytes – they are actually goblet cells mucous producing cells that are buried inside unhealthy mucus turns colors when you have a virus etc.o mucus glands located deeper in the connective tissue under smooth muscle is strange segment of simple cuboidal epithelial cells in a perfect circle tube that has opening to top of epithelial structure produces mucus very deep- mucus protects – pathogens/foreign invaders stick to it- nasal hairs, cilia, gastric juice, saliva, tears- 2. Phagocyteso neutrophils (not your only phagocyte)o any cell in the body whose main job is to eat things in the bodyo confront & eat a foreign invadero two most common (WBCs) 1. Eosinophils 2. Neutrophilso engulf them, wrap around foreign invadero “fixed”  adhered to a specific membraneo alveoli have fixed phagocytes adhered to membraneo migratory  move aroundo eosinophils & neutrophils are migratoryo when a phagocyte works… pacman engulf substance wrap it in a vacuole same as being in a package – vesicle once engulfed – attaches to lysosome! Lysosome digestive enzymes Break down into smaller particles Phagocyte gives up its life Exocytosis- 3rd form of non specific defenses: Natural Killer cells (NK cells)o 3rd type of lymphocyteo they are migratoryo they police tissueso police bloodo police all organso look for cells that are a-typicalo identify glycocalix on outside of cell – incorrect, not related to selfo glycocalix (package of proteins around entire cell)o NK cells act spontaneously Don’t analyze glycocalix very much Look for something that not “yours” This is why its not specific – attacks any cells without self glycocalix cells (cancer cells) Cancer – self cells with something off in glycocalix NK cells get rid of theseo Natural killer cells 1. NK recognize glycocalyx on membrane of cell 2. Golgi moves to face the bad cell 3. NK release vesicles containing chemical (perforin)- little sacs of lysosomes (almost – a little different)- come from golgi apparatus- packaging plant for things that leave the cell- create vesicles, exocytosis, bind to cell membrane- perforin bind to non self cell 4. Perforin will lyse the membrane of target- create holes in outer membrane- dissolve outer membrane- holes/pores- foreign invader – perforin attacking him – holes in membrane D:- foreign invadero EXPLODES!o Fills with fluid & ruptures/bursts- NK cell isn’t a phagocyte 5. Complement- assists other things- group of 20 plasma proteins- Active when you are sick- Inactive when at rest- Everything in body is a protein! (almost)- Becomes active when foreign invader present that has glycocalyx covered in antibodies- Antigen, antibody, glycoprotein, glycocalyxo Blood typingo Glycoprotein – protein & sugar in the cell membraneo Antigen – A, B, Rh (positive)o Antibody – Anti-a antibody, Anti-B antibody Defense mechanism Antibody is a flag/marker/post it note bad cell Not a phagocyte “Y” shaped post it note/flag/marker sticks to an antigen signs that other things should kill themo Glycocalyx – all glycoproteins on one membrane added together- Encounters a cell…o Covered in antibody,o Complement will attach to ito When complement attaches it produces holes in the membrane- Complement can make the cell very stickyo Opsonization Means to increase stickiness, adherance ofa foreign invader’s outer membrane10.18.13 kin272 class notes- Non specific defenseso 1. Physical barrierso 2. Phagocyteso 3. NK cellso 4. Complement engulf things with antibodies on it target sugar on outside of antigen cause it to rupture opsonization- adherence of outside of antigens outer membrane- foreign invaders can be eaten faster- complement proteins grouped according to certain classes- C – reactive proteino Increase in its activityo Inflammation markero Linking test physicians use for cholesterol – is this affecting system at this moment? Osteoarthritis Flu Virus/bacteria Inflammatory – cause c reactive protein increases Joint pain, lipid panel, inflammation in knees… test c reactive proteino 5. Interferon interfering with plot of foreign invader foreign invaders lack cellular mitochondria, ER, ribosomes- ability to replicate themselves, don’t make ATP tho- get things to make ATP for them- take over your cells- uses machinery to make ATP- this cell will die (is well aware)- in attempt to save population around it – releases interferon to neighboring cells- sent out to surrounding neighboring cells – this cells sends out interferon to say “I have been attacked and I am going to die”- sends out photograph of foreign invader (chemical images)- don’t let him into your cell!- He’s going to kill you! AHHHH Decreases ability of foreign invader to multiplyo 6. Inflammation triggered as body’s response to injury – trauma, heat, irritation,chemical injury, infection, foreign invaders inflammation is body’s way of trying to get through what has just happened to it fever… body is trying to fix tissues acute vs. chronic ACUTE- Fix present trauma- Happens at the time of the injury- Immediate fall – swelling (acute) Chronic- Chemicals released well after healing has occurred- Multi fascetedo Mismatch link in braino Peripheral nerves to release neurotransmitters…o Many diff.