Anatomy Physiology II Exam 4 1 How much ATP is produced anaerobically with one glucose molecule Net gain 2 ATP from glycolysis 2 How much ATP is produced aerobically with one glucose molecule 38 ATP 2 from glycolysis 2 from Krebs Cycle 34 from ETS 3 Lipolysis What is lipolysis Breakdown of fat triglycerides Triglyceride glycerol backbone 3 free fatty acids FFA Triglycerides are stored in adipocytes fat cells 6 Step Process of Lipolysis 1 Mobilization LPL 2 Circulation free fatty acids are broken away from the glycerol backbone by the hormone lipoprotein lipase free fatty acids cross the adipocyte membrane and enter the bloodstream with the help of the hormone called hormone sensitive lipase HSL fatty acid binding proteins FABP bind to free fatty acids that have entered the blood stream and free fatty acids must leave bloodstream and enter muscles HSL helps free fatty acids to leave through the walls of the blood vessel and enter membranes of travel with them towards the muscles examples of a FABPs are albumins 3 Uptake muscles cells 4 Activation REQUIRES 2 ATP free fatty acids binds with Acetyl CoA FFA CoA FFA CoA 5 Translocation FFA CoA gets transported to the mitochondria FFA can not gain access to mitochondria alone must have combined with Acetyl CoA enzymes at the surface of mitochondria membrane disassemble FFA CoA bring it into mitochondria and then reassemble it 6 Beta Oxidation in mitochondrial matrix process of beta oxidation is the clipping cutting of carbon pairs off of the FFA 4 What is beta oxidation and where do the products of beta oxidation go Beta oxidation is the process of clipping cutting the FFA into carbon pairs For every 1 cut 1 carbon pair is formed and 2 H are released one hydrogen gets picked up by NAD to form NADH and the other gets picked up by FAD to form FADH Each carbon pair is converted to form 1 acetyl CoA molecule NADHs and FADHs go to ETS in the inner membrane 5 Be able to compute the number of ATP produced with a free fatty acid of varying carbons Say we begin with a 8 carbon free fatty acid 3 cuts will be made to produce 4 pairs of carbon molecules 3 NADH 3 FADH 4 pairs of carbon molecules 4 Acetyl CoA 3 NADH and 3 FADH go to ETS remember 1 NADH 3 ATP and 1 FADH 2 ATP 4 Acetyl CoA s go to Krebs Cycle to produced even 3 NADH 9 ATP 3 FADH 6 ATP so far 15 ATP more NADH and FADH Krebs 3NADH 1 FADH 1 ATP total ATP from Krebs 12 ATP X4 because we have 4 Acetyl CoA molecules from FFA slicing after all 4 Acetyl CoA go through Krebs cycle we have 48 ATP 15 ATP 48 ATP 63 ATP 63 ATP 2 ATP from activation step 61 ATP PRODUCED FROM BETA OXIDATION OF AN 8 CARBON FREE FATTY ACID 6 What is ETS or oxidative phosphorylation and how does it allow for the production of ATP know the 4 complexes the role of ubiquinone the role of the cytochromes and where they are found the role of oxygen the role of ATP synthase and the role of H ETS is the electron transport system which uses oxidation and reduction of coenzymes to synthesize ATP Takes place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria Ultimate goal is to allow ATP synthase which is powered by H ions to phosphorylate ADP to produce ATP In order to power ATP synthase there needs to be a hydrogen concentration gradient that will allow H ions to move through it Creating an H gradient hydrogen ions need to be taken from the matrix to the intermembrane space there are 4 protein complexes embedded in the inner membrane that work to pump hydrogen ions from matrix to intermembrane space at complex I NADH gets oxidized loses an electron hydrogen at complex II FADH gets oxidized loses an electron hydorgen ubiquinone at complex II helps take that electron and passes it along to complex III and IV cytochromes in complex III and IV receive electrons continue to pass them along the membrane and open the protein channels to allow H flow into the intermembrane space the more the electrons get passed the more H gets pumped into the intermembrance space once enough H ions have been pumped into the intermembrane to create a strong enough gradient H ions will start to flow through and power ATP synthase oxygen is the final electron acceptor which binds to 2 hydrogens to produce water H2O 7 What are the roles of NADH and FADH NAD and FAD are coenzymes that bind to hydrogen ions when needed H carriers When they bind to hydrogen then become NADH and FADH 8 What are the main functions of the respiratory system Gas exchange between air and blood To move air to respiratory surfaces Protection of respiratory surfaces Means of communication provides vocal cords major method of communication Provide olfactory sense sense of smell comes from cranial nerve I olfactory nerve 9 What are the filtration mechanisms of the respiratory system Protection mechanisms Nose hairs trap and collect foreign particles Cilia small hair like structures found on the surface of cells that line the trachea and bronchi Goblet cells found inside epithelial cells that line the pharynx larynx trachea and bronchi responsible for producing mucus the more foreign particles you are exposed to and that get trapped by the cilia the more mucus is produced 10 Know the bronchial tree and how it changes in cartilage versus smooth muscle structures as you move through the tree Primary bronchi secondary bronchi tertiary bronchi terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar sacs As you travel down from the trachea to primary bronchi all the way to bronchioles the amount of cartilage decreases and the amount of smooth muscle increases The terminal bronchioles and respiratory bronchioles are the only ones that have the ability to change their diameter 11 What is bronchiodilation and bronchioconstriction and where do they occur Bronchiodilation relaxation of the smooth mucles diameter gets larger Bronchioconstriction contraction of the smooth muscles diameter gets smaller Both these actions can only happen in the bronchioles NOT the bronchi Perfusion Allergies How much of the lung tissue gets filled up At rest you don t need to perfuse the entire lunch Bronchioles control how much you perfuse fill up the lungs Lungs are divided into zones in a healthy person the 5th zone rarely gets filled therefore bronchioles in this zone are partially bronchioconstricted Certain particles in the air induce cause bronchioconstriction When bronchioles constrict alveolus do not get air Asthma an allergy that causes bronchioconstriction and stop alveoli from receiving air Anaphylaxis same cause