KIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Fall 2013Exam 4 Review Sheet1. What are the main functions of the respiratory system?a. The main functions of the respiratory system are …b. 1. Gas exchange between the air & lungs as well as blood & tissuesc. 2. Moving air into areas (regions) where gas exchange happensd. 3. Protect respiratory surfacese. 4. Communication via the vocal cordsi. pass air over them, allows you to create soundf. 5. Provides olfactory sense (smell)2. What is the respiratory mucosa and its function?a. The respiratory mucosa is in the nasal region and contains nose hairs. These get smaller and become more embedded and are called cilia. Gobletcells are mucous producing glands b. Its function is to moisten the air to prevent dehydration of the lungs and trap incoming foreign particles with help of hair. They provide protection3. What are the filtration mechanisms of the respiratory system?a. The filtration mechanisms of the respiratory system are the surfactant in the alveoli, the respiratory mucosa, nose hairs, cilia, tonsils4. Know the bronchial tree and how it changes in cartilage versus smooth muscle structure as you move through the tree.a. Primary bronchi (2)b. Secondary bronchi (lobar – superior, middle, inferior for right lung, superior and inferior for left lung = total of 5) made of cartilage and smooth musclec. Tertiary bronchi (segmental)i. 17-19 of these, about 8-9 on each sided. terminal bronchiolesi. 50/50 cartilage and smooth musclee. respiratory bronchiolesi. pretty much all smooth muscle (very little cartilage)f. alveolii. air sacsii. stay in clumps of piecesiii. smooth muscle5. What is bronchiodilation and bronchioconstriction and where do they occur?a. Bronchiodilation is when bronchioles have a larger diameter. Bronchioconstriction is when the bronchioles have a smaller diameter. They occur in the lungs in order to direct air flow. Allergens can cause bronchioconstriction (asthma)6. What are the alveoli, what is the role of the alveoli, what is their structure, and what are the types of cells that make up the alveoli?a. The alveoli are the “grapes” at the ends of bronchioles (three individual alveoli from bronchiole. They are made up of type I simple squamos epithelium and have very thin membranes (similar to a water balloon). b. They have a protection mechanism that prevents debris/bacteria from enteringc. Are in part made up of surfactantKIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Fall 2013Exam 4 Review Sheetd. The role of alveoli is where gas exchange occurse. There are a few million alveoli per lung, which is why lungs are so big andweigh a lot.f. New lecture information:g. Capillary network bedh. Turns into veinule networki. Surrounding each sack are its own capillaries held there by elastic fibers (mesh network of elastics) (better diffusion)j. Perichyma: connective, elastic tissue, k. Compliance: idea that the lungs are never completely empty7. What is surfactant?a. Surfactant is a type II cell that has the consistency of maple syrup/dish soap and lines the inside of alveoli. It creates surface tension and prevents alveoli from collapsing and sticking together (you need surfactant in order to breathe).b. Example: balloon staying inflated when you breathe in and out of it, doesn’t completely deflate. This is similar to the lungs.c. You can lose surfactant…i. Emphysemaii. COPDiii. Toxins in cigarette smoke kill surfactant and it can’t be made againd. Premature infants don’t have surfactanti. Breathing difficultyii. Last things to developiii. They don’t have well defined muscle tone so they don’t have the ability to sustain gasping for air (have a brand new diaphragm)8. What are the components of the pleural membrane and what is its role?a. The components of the pleural membrane are that it acts like a vacuum sealb. When the diaphragm contracts and flattens out, pulls on the pleura, increases volume in thoracic cavityc. Pressure decreases, air goes into the lungs, not changing pressure directlyd. Process of inhaling: active process9. What is Boyle’s Law?a. Pressure = 1/volumeb. Pressure and volume are inversely related10. How does pressure allow for airflow into the lungs?a. In order to breathe we need changes in pressure (we can only change volumeb. We change volume in order to change pressure11. What are the steps involved in ventilation?a. Exhale (expire) & inhale( inspire)12. What is compliance and why is it important?a. The idea that the lungs are never completely empty – this is important because exhalation is passive, lung tissue comply well13. What muscles are used in inspiration?KIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Fall 2013Exam 4 Review Sheeta. Diaphragmi. Decides what the volume in thoracic cavity isii. Pressure is greater on one side, moves from high pressure to low pressureiii. Pulls down on membrane surrounding the lungs (pleura)iv. Acts like a vacuum sealv. When diaphragm contracts and flattens out, pulls on pleura, increases volume in thoracic cavityvi. Pressure decreasesvii. Air goes into lungsviii. Active processsb. Forcefully inhale:i. Accessory inhalation muscles used: external intercostals (elevate ribs, change volume of thoracic cavity), sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalenes14. What muscles are used in expiration?a. Healthy resting, expend no energyb. Relax the diaphragm (decreases volume, increases pressure, air moves out)c. Compliancei. Elastic fibers retract slightly and force air outii. Relaxation of diaphragm also forces air outiii. Very passived. Accessory: abdominal muscles (internal and external obliques), rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, internal intercostals15. What is minute ventilation?a. Veb. Volume of air in and out per minutec. RR(respiratory rate * tidal volume16. What is minute alveolar ventilationa. Vab. (tidal volume – anatomical dead space volume) * respiratory rate17. What is anatomical dead spacea. Air that will never reach an exchange surfaceb. 150 ml of any one breathc. TV – 150 * RR = Va (alveolar ventilation)18. Be able to define all of the following volumes: tidal volume, total lung volume, functional capacity, residual volume, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reservea. Tidal volumei. Volume that you take-in in a typical breathb. Total lung volumei. Adding all things on the graphii. TV+IRV+ERV+RVc. Functional capacityi. Inspiratory + tidal + expiratoryii. Also called vital capacityKIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Fall 2013Exam 4 Review Sheetd.