KIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 2 Review Fall 20121. be able to define preload, afterload, cardiac cycle, stroke volume, ejection fraction, heart rate, cardiac output, end diastolic volume, end systolic volume, a. preloadi. what you’re putting into the heart before it contractsii. passive fillimgiii. all blood volume returning to the heart in veinsb. afterloadi. resistance to ventricular emptyingii. resistance to overcome to ejectc. cardiac cyclei. passive filling (AV valve-open, SL valve-closed)ii. atrial contraction1. ejection of blood to the ventricle2. SL valve still closediii. Isovolumic contraction1. AV valve closed, SL valve closed2. Volume in ventricle doesn’t change3. Muscle in ventricle starts to contraction (not fully)4. Builds pressureiv. Ejection1. AV valve closed, SL valve open2. Overcome of pressurev. Isovolumic relaxation1. AV valve closed2. SL valve closed3. Return to step oned. stroke volumei. volume ejected per beatii. usually in mLiii. =SBP (about 120) – DBP (about 80)e. ejection fractioni. % volume pushed out per beatf. heart ratei. Beats per minuteg. cardiac outputi. Volume ejected per minuteii. =SV * HRiii. CO or Q with dot over itiv. Usually in Lh. end diastolic volumei. volume in ventricle at the end of rest (just before contracting)i. end systolic volumei. volume in ventricle at the end of contraction2. what is the Frank Starling principle (also called Starling’s law of the heart, or the length tension relationship)a. fancy term for preloadb. he realized that it operates on the length/tension relationshipc. stretch the muscle to optimal length, it will produce the most amount of force, beyond optimal you get no extra forceKIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 2 Review Fall 2012d. titin & nebulini. elatic, in between actin and myosin, stretch sarcomere and these are engaged, identical to skeletal musclee. more fluid in the ventricle increases preload – stretches the ventricle more… contracts with moreforce, ejection fraction goes upf. works up 160 bpm3. How do preload, afterload, and contractility effect ejection fraction?a. Preload –i. Frank starling principleii. More fluid in the ventricle increases preload, leads to stretching of the atria, leads to a greater contraction and greater ejection fractionb. Afterload –i. Increases the recoil in the aortaii. Pushes blood forward fasteriii. More fluid in the aorta stretches it more (creates a higher pressure)iv. Afterload has less resistance – decreased afterload increases ejection fractionc. Contractility – i. Brain says it needs more EFii. Releases hormonesiii. Norepinephrineiv. Causes g protein linked receptorv. Uses GTP GDP as energy to movevi. Moves from norepinephrine receptor to the effector receptorvii. This activates adenylate cyclaseviii. cAMP can do one of three things1. activates calcium cahnnels to pull more into the cell2. increase reuptake of ca++ to SR3. increase rate of release of calcium from SR4. What is the pathway of NorEpinepherine during the indirect effect of increasing contractility in the heart?a. The brain tells the body it needs more EF so it releases the hormone norepinephrine, this binds toreceptors on the cells. This activates g protein.5. how does exercise (moderate versus intense) effect stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac output, ejection fraction, end diastolic volume, end systolic volume?6. what things can effect stroke volume (i.e. venous return) in either a positive way or a negative way, and how does the system respond to these changes?7. What are the components of each of the layers of a blood vessela. Tunica intimai. Endothelial cellsii. Identical between arteries and veinsb. Tunica mediai. Different in arteries and veinsii. Arteries1. Smooth muscle2. Elastic fibers3. Thickiii. Veins1. Collagen and elastin2. Very thinKIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 2 Review Fall 2012c. Tunica externai. Dense connective tissue8. Identify the differences between arteries and veinsa. Arteriesi. Blood awayii. Elastic recoiliii. Remains structure after being cutb. Veinsi. Blood backii. Collapse after being cutiii. Big round tubesiv. No recoilv. Made up of elastin/collagenvi. No pump system9. Identify the differences and similarities of elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles, and capillaries10. What are the three ways that veins allow for blood to return to the heart?a. One way valvesb. Respiratory pumpc. Skeletal muscles- massage, pumps blood11. What is total peripheral resistance?a. Total resistance that is in the vessels in the periphery12. What factors can impact the flow of blood through the system and how do they impact flow? (i.e. vessel length, vessel diameter, viscosity, and turbulence) a. Vessel lengthi. Slows down flowii. Longer vessels have more resistanceb. Vessel diameteri. Decrease diameter, increases resistancec. Viscosityi. Thickness of bloodii. Thicker- more resistanced. Turbulancei. No parabolic shapeii. Decreases flowiii. Occurs where regions are dividing13. What is blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure?a. Blood pressureb. Systolic blood pressurec. Diastolic blood pressure14. How does exchange take place in the capillaries?15. Explain filtration in detail.16. Know the differences between hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure17. Where in the capillary do filtration and absorption occur?18. What is vasomotion (i.e. vasoconstriction and vasodilation?)a. Change in shape of vesselsi. Vasoconstriction- smaller diameterii. Vasodilation – larger diameter19. What is autoregulation?20. What are the local tissue vasodilators?KIN 272 Anatomy and Physiology II Exam 2 Review Fall 201221. What are the local tissue vasoconstrictors?22. What role do barroreceptors and chemoreceptors play in the regulation of blood vessel size and the flow of blood?23. What is the conduction system of the heart?a. Heart rate, how many time you engage in a cardiac cycle per minuteb. Atrial contraction, ventricle contractionc. Electrical side of things24. What is the polarized state? Depolarization? Action potential? Repolarization?a. Polarized state- inside of the cell is negative, outside is positive (Na+ high on outside, K+ high on inside, Cl- high on outside, A- high on inside). -70 charge on inside (approx)b. Depolarizationi. Na+ channels open, rush into cell, cause it to become more positivec. Action potentiali. When threshold potential is reached, cell becomes depolarized then hyperpolarizes, creates an