11.1.13 kin 272 class notes- Respiratory systemo Primary functions: Gas exchange between the air & lungs as well as blood & tissues- Oxygen, carbon dioxide, water… Moving air into areas (regions) where gas exchange happens Protect respiratory surfaces Communication – vocal cords- Pass air over them, allows you to create sound Provides olfactory sense (smell)o Upper respiratory system Nose (nasal cavity)- Go to pharynx Paranasal sinuses – holes in facial bones- Changes in pressure in facial bones Pharynx- Next section is called the larynx- Next is trachea- Next is bronchi (part of lungs) Mouth (oral cavity)- Go to pharynxo Lower respiratory system Larynx Trachea- Made of c-shaped cartilage (continues into brachi)- It is c-shaped (doesn’t continue around to the back) because on the other side of the trachea is your esophagus.- The esophagus goes to your stomach- Respiratory & digestive systems share pharynx and oral cavity- Epiglottis decides where things go- Backside of trachea: swallow a lot of food your esophagus can expand into trachea Bronchi- Primary bronchi (2)o Right & lefto Right – angle greater than on the left- Secondary bronchi (lobar)o Coincides with number of lobes of the lungs that you haveo Right – 3 lobeso Left – 2 lobeso Total of 5 secondary (lobar) bronchio Cartilage and smooth muscle- Tertiary bronchi (segmental)o 17-19 of theseo not always consistento 8-9 on each side- Terminal bronchioleso 50/50 cartilage/smooth muscleo respiratory bronchioles alveoli sacs Bronchioles- Pretty much all smooth muscle (a little cartilage) Alveoli- Air sacs- Stay in clumps of pieces- Arterioles (vasomotion)- Bronchioles (bronchiomotion)o They can bronchiodilate and bronchioconstricto Ability to direct air flow to the alveolio Can increase air flow to one region or another- Allergens can result in bronchioconstriction (asthsma)o Pets, weeds, etc.o When they get into the lungs/lining of brochioles they cause constriction- Lined with epithelial cellso Several different pieces involvedo Nasal region Nose hairs (get smaller, become more embedded)- cilia goblet cells Mucous producing glands ^^protection - 3 individual alveoli from bronchioleo each made of simple squamos epitheliumo similar to water balloono membrane is very thino no basement membrane around ito very delicateo like a soap bubbleo protection mechanisms: along epithelial lining, protect you from getting debris/bacteria in alveolio make bubbles dish soap not straight however… too thick without water in it- Simple squamos epithelium = type I cells- Some are a little fuzzy/furry…o Still epithelial cells but they have the ability to produce a sticky, fluid-like substance called surfactanto Has the consistency of maple syrup/dish soapo Lines the inside of alveolio Creates surface tensiono Surfactant are type II cellso Without surfactant alveoli will collapse and stick togethero VERY BADo You need these to breathe!- Example:o Breathe in and out of a balloono Breathing in/out of balloon that stays inflated vs. one that is deflated then re-inflated It is more work to have to inflate it each timeo Without surfactant this happens ^o All alveoli remain inflated when you exhale- The only way to lose surfactant:o Emphysemao COPDo Horrible to listen to them breatheo Gasping for airo Because the toxins in cigarette smoke destroy your type II cells! Arsenic Carcinogenso Kill them completelyo Kill them and you can’t make surfactant, can’t line alveolio Eliminated ability to have 2nd hand smoke around us- Premature infacts don’t have surfactanto Breathing difficultyo One of the last things to developo Medical science has allowed us to give premies surfactanto Don’t have well-defined muscle toneo Don’t have ability to sustain gasping for air (have a brand new diaphragm)- Alveolio Have a few million per lungo A lung is huge Weighs a
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