11.18.13 kin 272 class notes- Oxygeno 98% hemoglobino 2% plasma- Carbon dioxideo 23% hemoglobino 7% plasmao 70% - where does this go? Travel as carbonic acid or bicarbonate?- bicarbonate- 2 byproducts of kreb’s cycleo Water and carbon dioxide = carbonic acid (H2CO3) happens in mitochondria and is squished into cytoplasmo it gets out of the cell and goes into the bloodo as soon as acid gets into the blood/water, it loses a hydrogen iono carbonic acid becomes bicarbonate (H+ + HCO3)o H+ binds to hemoglobin *hemoglobin has low affinity for carbon dioxide and hydrogen, has high affinity for oxygen (carries 4 at a time) * can carry either 1 hydrogen or 1 carbon dioxide at a timeo HCO3 – baking soda, neutral Sodium chloride shift Na+ comes out of red cell and binds to bicarbonate This makes sodium bicarbonate In place of it, Cl- goes into red cell (chemical balance component)o This is how everyone travels to the lungs (sodium bicarbonate and hydrogen/hemoglobin)o Get to lungs… Hydrogen comes off hemoglobin, sodium comes off bicarbonate and goes back into red cell (chloride comes out)o Move from blood into alveoli… Hydrogen and bicarbonate combine again to make H2CO3 (carbonic acid)o Crosses capillary into alveoli… Separates back into carbon dioxide and water Is exhale- O2 Saturation o Hb full of all four O2?o What percentage carrying all 4 oxygen?o Are the hemoglobin you have carrying all 4?o Standard: 98%o Increasing partial pressure of oxygen can increase saturation in hemoglobino Damage alveoli: can cross as much oxygen/saturate hemoglobin- O2 saturation curve/O2 dissociation curve (Bohr effect)o Graph: PO2 on x axis vs. saturation on y axiso This curve should say as you increase partial pressure of oxygen, the saturation is going to increase until it is maxed out (plateau of saturation)o A number of things can alter this curve: Altitude (alters partial pressure of oxygen)- If O2 saturation decreaseso Oxygen unloading at the tissues will increase.o If the hemoglobin are carrying fewer oxygen, when they reach the tissue the oxygen will dissociate fairly quicklyo This will happen only if saturation goes downo In altitude, partial pressure goes down, saturation goes down, tissues are “starving”, oxygen dissociates really fasto Situations altering partial pressure will shift this curve down and to the right Max saturation becomes less than it was before (than at sea level) Increasing oxygen unloading at tissues- Other things that will decrease partial pressure:o Decrease in the pH of the bloodo Increase in temperature of the blood (heat is byproduct of metabolism)o Things two things might happen when you exerciseo BOHR effect – curve shifts down and to the righto Training anaerobically, training in hot environment – curve goes downfat Saturate less, unload faster Why?- During exercise, based on removal of waste products, nothing to do with needing oxygen in mitochondria – need to get oxygen off hemoglobin so that carbon dioxide an bind to hemoglobin (1 for 4 exchange)- Takes a lot longer to get rid of waste products- Drive to breathe during exercise driven by waste removal- Drive to breathe at rest driven by oxygen consumption- End of exercise…o Body temp changes- Increase oxygen saturationo If this happens, you do the opposite to unloading (decreases – they areinversely relatedo Shift curve up and to lefto Increase in pH, decrease in temperature, increase in partial pressure of oxygeno Doesn’t stay there longo Happens at end of exerciseo Eventually gets back to homeostasiso Understanding what could alter ito Altitude is a way to change thiso Pathological: Destroy alveoli, changes in environment? Thinking/interpreting question:- Exam:o Respiratory systemo Local control factorso Memorization componentso Manipulated a lot of things… thinking questions- Questions in
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