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OSU PSYCH 1100 - Ch 6 Learning

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Ch#6#Learning#Gu id e d #Notes#–#Part#I#Outline:)• What)is)learning?)• Classical)conditioning)• Operant)conditioning)• Cognitive)models)of)learning)• Biological)influences)on)learning)))Learning:)___________)in)beha v io r )a s)a )r e su l t)o f )____________ .)Examples)of)behaviors)that)are)NOT)learned:)___________________________________)Learning)in)this)chapter)is)a)very)basic)form)of)learning)that)all)anim a ls )d o .)• Repeated)stimulation)produces)weaker)responses:)__________________"Eg:)The)picture)of)the)harmless)dot)in)the)lecture)slides)• Some)instances)where)repeated)stimulations)produce)stronger)responses:)__________________"")Eg:)The)p i ct u re )of)the)co b ra )i n )th e )l e ct u re )s lides))CLASSICAL)CONDITIONING))• involves)p a irin g)a )___________)s timulus)(metron o me))with)one)(meat))that)typically)elicits)a))________________)beha v io r )(s a liv a ti n g ))• after)enough)trials,)the)neutral)stimulus)(metronome))begins)to)elicit)the)behavior)4#key#components:)• ______________________________________)(UC S ))• _______________________________________)(UC R ) )• _______________________________________)(CS ))• ______________________________________)(CR ))ChangeexperienceUnconditioned Stimulus (CC)Some common UCSLoud Noise, Hot iron, alarm, air puff in eyeUnconditioned ResponceLoud noise --> Jump reflexHot Iron --> Jump reflexAlarm --> Startle Air Puff --> BlinkCondition StimulusCondition Response neutralreflexiveHabituationSensitizationUCS"(meat)"• a)stimulus)that)elicits)an)__________________,)________________)respo n s e )• this)is)_____________________)(not)l e a rn e d / tr a in e d ,)occurs)p rior)to)the)experiment))Memory)trick:)The)unconditioned)stimulus)UNCONDITIONALLY)makes)the)dog)salivate)(or)whatever)the)automatic)and)reflexive)response)is).)UCR"(salivation"in#respon s e #to#the#m e a t )"• automatic)reflexive)(natural))response)to)being)exposed)to)the)________________)• a)behavior)that)occurs)in)natural)response)to)a)specific)stimulus)CS"(metronome)"• When)the)CS)(metron ome))is)p a i re d )with)the )_____________)(meat),)the )a nimal)le a rn s )the)association)between)the)CS)(metro n ome))and)the)U C S)(meat ))a n d )s ta r ts )e x p e c tin g )t h e )U C S )(meat))every)time)the)CS)(metron o me))is)pre s e n t. )• this)is)____________________)(learn e d/traine d ,)o c c u rs )d u r in g )th e )c o urse)or)af te r )th e )experiment))CR"(salivation"in#response #to#the#m e tr o n o me)"• Learned)response)to)the)CS)(metronome))even)in)the)absence)of)the)________________)• CR)=)__________________)in)respon s e )to)just)the )__________________ ! ))Phases)of)Classical)Conditioning:)• _____________________#:#Gradual)learning)of)CR)(salivation))throug h )p a iri n g s)o f )C S )(metrono m e))an d )UC S)(m eat))• ______________________#:#________)stops)when)CS)is)presented)alone)enough)times))• _____________________#reco v e r y: )a )su dden)re e mergen ce )of)an)______________)C R )a ft e r)a )delay)in)exposure)to)the)CS.)Eg:)_________ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _)• ___________________#effect:)the)tende ncy)of)an )e x ti n c t)C R)to)retu rn )when)th e )o r g a n is m)is)placed)in)the)__________________)conditio n in g )e n v ir o n ment.)Eg:)________________________________________________))#automaticreflexiveUCSExtinctionCRSpontaneousRenewalUCSSalivatingMetronomeAcquisition unconditionedUCSConditionedextinctoriginal• Stimulus)_____________________)• CR)in)response)to)stimuli)similar)to )CS )• More)____________)to)CS:)_________________)th e )re s p o nse)• Stimulus)______________________)• ____________________)or)no )C R )i n )re s p o n s e )to)__________________)stim u li))Higher)order)conditioning:)What)happens)when)______________)__________________)item s )p re s e n t? )• 1st)order)c la s sic a l)c o nditioni n g :)• CS2)(Light)))CS1)(metro nome) ))CR1)(salivati n g )))• 2nd)order)c la s sic a l)c o nditioni n g :)• CS2)(Light)))CR2)(salivati n g ))))))• ______________)respo n s e )than)CR1)Examples)of)higher)order)conditioning:)____________________________________ _________ ____ ))Phobias:)A)result)of)classical)conditioning?)• ______________)cond it io n ing)• Infant:)“Little )A lb ert ”)• Played)loud)gong)sound)while)child)was)playing)with)rat)• Conditioned)fear)to)rats)• Also)developed)fear)of)other)hairy)things)(___________________________)) Phobias)arise)not)only)due)to)conditioning)but)also)due)to)biological)preparedness:)o More)phobias)to)snakes,)heights,)dark)than)to)other)dangerous)things)–)not)so)much)via)conditioning)but)due)to)______________)preparedn e s s )o We’re)biologically)prepared)to)fear)threats)to)early)human)ancestors)###GeneralizationDiscriminationPair a CS with another neutral stimulus (This is 2nd order conditioning)Can do 3rd oder conditioning as wellResponses are weaker than to the 1st order CSUCS = Cookies, UCR = SatisfactionCS = Grandma, who bakes the cookies, CR = SatisfactionNS = Grandma wears distint perfume Perfume becomes 2nd order CS, producing CR (satisfaction)SimiliarSimilarFear biologicalWeakdifferentmultiple neutral WeakerOperant#Conditioning##Differences"between"classical"and"operant"conditioning")Classical)Operant)Behavioral)Response)))Reward)))Behavior)depends)on))))• Operant#conditio n ing:)learn in g )c o n tr o lle d)by)the) _______________________ )of)t h e )o r ga nism’s)___________________.)• Also)known)as)___________________"cond itioning)• _____________________)beha v ior)conn e ct e d )to)some )re s p o nse)or)co n s e q u e n c e)• Proceeds)through)_____________________)and)________________________))Thorndike’s)________))of))_______________):)• If)the)pairin g)o f)a)________________ )an d)a)_____________________)pro d u c e )a )____________________)end)r e sult,)the)bo nd)betw e e n)the)tw o )is )_____________________ . )• S‐R)psychology)(stimulus)–)respon se ) )Thorndike’s)Cat:)• Cat)placed)in)box:)needs)to)press)lever)to)escape)• Time)to)find)lever)decreased)with)#)of)trials)(_____________)learning) )• Association)between)pressing)lever)and)getting)food))REINFORCEMENT:#• Reinforcement:)_____________________)a)behavio r )• Positive:)_____________)stimulus))• Negative:)_______________)stimulus )(t a ke )a way)reward))PUNISHMENT:#•


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OSU PSYCH 1100 - Ch 6 Learning

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