Ch#4#Sensati on#and #Perceptio n#–#Gui ded#Notes##____ ___________:#Detection#of#physical#energy#by#nerve#cells.#____ ___________:#Interpretation#of#the#physical#signal#which#we#experien ce.#Input####___________________________#####Neuronal#signal ##Ou r#Senses:#Basic#Principles#____ ________________#:#When#we#stop#sensing#a#repeated#stimulus.#Activation#is#greatest#w hen #we#first#detect#the#stimulus#and#our#response#then#declines#in# strength.#____ _________________#:#Lowest#level#of#a#stimulus#that#can#be#dete cted#on#50%#of#the # trials,#when#no#other#stimuli#of#that#type#are#present.#____ __________________#:#Smallest #change#in#stimulus#intensity#that#can#be #detected.#– ____ _____________# Law:# The# stronger# the# baseline# stimulus,# the # bigger# the# change# is#required#to#detect#a#difference.##Sensory#Systems#____ ________________________ ___#:#Mixing#of#senses#across#brain#a reas.#Examples:#___________________#effect#(video).######## #############Rubber#hand#exper ime nt. #____ _____________________#:#A#condition#in#which#people#experience#cross‐modal#sens ations.##Perception:#When#our#brains#meet#our#senses#Sensory#Processing#– ____ _______________________#:#Construction#perceptions#f rom#the#raw#in put .#– ____ _______________________#:#Constructing#perceptio ns#based#on#ex pectations# or#beliefs.#– Examples# of#b ottom‐up#processi ng:#– Examples# of#top‐down#processing:#Backma sking,#etc.##Perceptual#Hypotheses:#Since#we#are#cognitive#misers, #we#ten d#to#guess#what’s#out#there#based#on#our#knowledge#and#experien ce.#– We#for m#______________________#when#we#use #past#experience#or#c ontext#to#perceive #something.#– ____ _________________#:#Pe rcei ve#an#object#the#same#way#across#differe nt#conditions.##– The#role#of#attent ion#– ____ _____________________#:#Ability#to#focus#on#one#stimulus#or#input,#despi te#ma ny#stim uli#being#prese nt#in#our#environment#– ____ ___________#_____________#ph enomenon# :#When#unattended#informa tion#is#suddenly#attended#to#if#it#is#highly#relevant #(ie: #your#own#name#is#me ntioned).#– ______________#theory,of,attention:#In formati on#must#pa ss#through# a#bottle neck/filter#to#be#consciously#processed#and#attention# is#this#mental#bottleneck/filter# that#enables#us#to#pay#attention#to#the#relevant#and#important#stimuli#and#ignore#the#less#important#st imu li.#– ____ ________________________ ____#:#Failure#to#d etect#st imuli#that#are#in#plain#sight#when#our#attention#is#focuse d#el sewher e.##The#___ _____ ____________#problem:#How#are#the se#different#components#and#senses#integrated#into#a#single#perception?##The#5# Senses:#__________________##########################__________________##########################__________________##########################__________________#########################__________________###Vision#Stimul us:#__________ _____ _______#Our#eyes#respond#to#only#a#narrow#range#of#wavelengths:##____________________#spect rum.#Lig ht#‐ _______________: Intensity of reflected light. ‐ _______________: Color of reflected light. ‐ Lights mixed: _______________ color mixing. ‐ Paints mixed: __________________ color mixing. #The#ey e:##____ __________#:#White#pa rt#____ __________#:#Larg e#colored#p art#that#controls#h ow# much#li ght# enters#the#eye#____ __________:#black#hole#in#center.#Expands#and#c ontract s#as#a#reflex##How#we#see:##Lig ht#enters#the#eye#through#the #_________ __,#a#transparent#protective#layer.#____ ________________#:#Opening#in#the#eye# beh ind#the# cornea.#The#____________#adjusts#the#a mount#of#light# allowed#in#the#eye.#The#___ _____ ____#bends#ligh t#rays#&#foc uses#image #of#the#object#on#the#______________.#_________________________:#Focusing#ability#of#lens,#lens#changes #shape#&#bends#light#rays#allowing#us#to #adapt#to#different#obj ects#at#different#distances #from#us.##________________#is#the#central#part#of#retina#in#c harge#o f#________________#(sharpness#of#image).#____ ______________#and#_________________#:#Receptor#cells#behind#the#reti na#that#transduce#ligh t.#– _____________________#:#Effective#in#low#light.#– _____________________#:#Senses#color#and#high#detail,#need#more#light.#####The#Se nses:#____________ ____#,#________________#,#___________________ _#,#________________#,#___ ______________#.##Vision#####To#see,#we#need:#___________#,#__ _____________#, #________________#.#Lig ht#hits#an#object.#S ome#of#it#is #absorb ed.#Some#of#it#i s#___ _________# and #this#is#what#you#see.#Lig ht:##____ ____________#:#Intensity##____ ____________#:#Color#____ _________# color#mixing:#Mixing#light.#____ _________# color#mixing:#Mixing#paint.##Combining#all #colors#of#li ght# =#w hite#(eg:#su nlig ht)#Combining#many#colors#of#paint#=#dark#(Why?#______________________________________________).##The#Eye#____ __________#:#White#pa rt#____ __________#:#Large#colored#part,#controls#how#much#light#ente rs#the#e ye.#____ __________#:#Black#hole#in#the#center,#ex pands#and#contra cts#as#a#reflex.#_____ ________#reflex#happens#when#you# step#ou t#into#the#bright#sunlight#to#d ecrease#the#amount#of#light#entering#the#eye.#Passage#of #light#through#the#eye:#____ __________#:#Light#ent ers#the# eye#through#th is#curved#trans parent#protective#lay er.#The#iris#then#adjusts#the#amount#of#light#that#goes#through.#The#light #the n#passe s#th rough#the#____ ________#which#focuses#the#light#on#to#the#retina.#The#lens#can#change#shape#to#focus#light#from#objects#at#differ ent# distances#from #us.##This#p rocess#called# _____ _____________#lets#us#adapt#to#differe nt#distance s.##Myopia:#Near‐sightedness.#Light#foc used#to o#soon.#____ ______________:#Far‐sight edn ess.#Light#from#objects#focused#too#far#back.##____ _____________#is#the#central#part#of#the#retina#that# is#in#charge#of#acuity#(sharpness#of#an#image).#Receptor#cells#behind#the#retina #transduce#ligh t.#1) _________: Effective in low light. Helps us see basic shapes and forms. ____ _______________:#When#stepping#into#a#dark#room,#the#rods# need#some#time#to#regain#sensiti vity #to#light.#2) _________: Effective in the presence of light. Senses color and detail. #Optic#nerv e:#T akes#visual #info#from#the#retina#to#the#brain#(i.e.,#to#the#visual#cortex,#etc).#____ ________________#:#The#place#on#the#retina#where #the#optic#ner ve#pushes#away#all#the#receptor#cells.###########Gestalt#principles:#rules#governing#how #we#perceive#objects#a s#wholes#within#their#