The Biology of Mind and Consciousness Chapter 2The Biology of Mind and ConsciousnessSlide 3Slide 4Biology and BehaviorA Neuron’s StructureNeural CommunicationHow Neurons CommunicateSlide 9Slide 10PowerPoint PresentationHow Neurotransmitters Influence UsThe Nervous SystemSlide 14Types of NeuronsThe Peripheral Nervous SystemSlide 17The Central Nervous and the Brain SystemThe Endocrine SystemSlide 20Slide 21Fight or FlightThe Pituitary GlandOlder Brain StructuresThe BrainstemSlide 26CrossoverThe ThalamusThe Reticular FormationThe CerebellumSlide 31The Limbic SystemSlide 33The HippocampusA cool commercial breakThe AmygdalaThe HypothalamusSlide 38Review of Brain StructuresThe Cerebral CortexStructure of the CortexThe Cortex: Motor FunctionsThe Cortex: Sensory FunctionsMotor and Sensory CorticesThe Cortex: Location for Other Sensory FunctionsThe Visual CortexAssociation AreasSlide 48Association Areas: Frontal LobePhineas GageSlide 51Language: Specialization and IntegrationThe Many Steps of Reading AloudLanguage Processing: Reading AloudSeeing, hearing, and speaking words Evidence from PET scansThe Brain’s PlasticitySlide 57How Plasticity WorksThe Divided BrainOur Divided BrainRight-Left Differences in Intact BrainsBrain States and ConsciousnessSelective AttentionInattentional BlindnessSlide 65Change BlindnessSleep and DreamsCircadian RhythmSleep StagesMeasuring Sleep ActivityA look at brain waves for all of the sleep stagesFive Sleep StagesREM SleepOur many different sleep patternsTheories about Sleep’s FunctionsThe Effects of Inadequate Sleep: Getting sick, old, dumb, & fatMajor Sleep DisordersA Better Night’s SleepDreamsWhat We DreamSlide 81Why We DreamSlide 83Slide 84The Biology of Mind and Consciousness Chapter 2The Biology of Mind and ConsciousnessBiology and BehaviorNeural CommunicationA Neuron’s StructureHow Neurons CommunicateHow Neurotransmitters Influence UsThe Biology of Mind and ConsciousnessThe Nervous SystemThe Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Central Nervous SystemThe Endocrine SystemThe Biology of Mind and ConsciousnessThe BrainOlder Brain StructuresThe Cerebral CortexOur Divided BrainBrain States and ConsciousnessSelective AttentionSleep and DreamsBiology and Behavior•Everything psychological is simultaneously biological•___________ psychologists study the links between our biology and our behavior.A Neuron’s StructureNeural Communication•Neural messages are carried by nerve impulses called ___________–Speeds vary between 2 mph and 200+ mph–A computer is 3 million times faster–Still, the brain is vastly more complex than a computer•Communication takes place at the ___________, the junction between the axon of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell of the receiving neuronHow Neurons Communicate•Each neuron is a decision-making device, deciding whether to fire an action potential or not (the ___________ response).•Each neuron receives signals from hundreds of other neurons•Some signals are ___________, accelerating the receiving neuron’s activity. Others are ___________.•If (excitatory signal) – (inhibitory signal) > ___________, the neuron firesHow Neurons Communicate•When the action potential reaches the axon’s end, it releases ___________ molecules into the synapse–These act as excitatory or inhibitory signals for the next neuron •___________: the sending neuron absorbs excess neurotransmitters left in the synapseHow Neurons CommunicateHow Neurotransmitters Influence Us•___________drugs (e.g., opium, morphine, heroin) depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety–These drugs act on receptors in the brain that seem made for opiates•The brain has its own opiates – ___________– which it uses to control pain and activate feelings of pleasure (“runner’s high”)The Nervous System•The body’s decision maker is the ______________________ – the brain and spinal cord•Sensory information gathering and action transmission occurs in the ______________________•___________: Bundled axons form neural cables connecting the CNS to the PNSThe Nervous SystemTypes of Neurons•___________neurons carry messages from the body’s tissues and sensory receptors to the CNS for processing•___________neurons carry instructions from the CNS out to the body’s tissues•___________process information between the sensory input and motor outputThe Peripheral Nervous SystemTwo parts: •___________nervous system: controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles•___________nervous system (ANS): controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs–Sympathetic nervous system–Parasympathetic nervous systemThe Central Nervous and the Brain SystemStephen Colbert: “How does the brain work? Five words or less.”Steven Pinker: “Brain cells fire in patterns.” -- The Colbert Report, February 8, 2007•Neurons cluster into work groups called ___________•Neurons that fire together wire together–Feedback strengthens neural connectionsThe Endocrine System•The body’s “slow” chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream•___________are chemical messengers manufactured by endocrine glands–Some are chemically identical to neurotransmittersThe Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System•Slow and steady sometimes wins the race–Effects of endocrine messengers outlast those of neural messages–“Endocrine hangover” – angry feelings for no reason, from lingering emotion-related hormones•Hormones influence many aspects of our lives–Growth, reproduction, metabolism, mood.Fight or Flight•The ___________ release epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) in response to a possible threat–Increases heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar for a surge of energy: the fight-or-flight responseThe Pituitary Gland•The ___________, in the brain’s core, is the endocrine glands’ control center–Influences growth–Send messages to other glands to release their hormones–Controlled in turn by the hypothalamus – reveals interplay between nervous and endocrine systemsbrain  pituitary  other glands  hormones  brainOlder Brain Structures•Some components of the brain are found in simpler organisms, or at least lower mammals, and function similarly in humans–Brainstem–Thalamus–Reticular Formation–Cerebellum–Limbic SystemThe Brainstem•The brain’s oldest and