Ch#14#–#Person a lity #Guided #N o t e s ##! What#is#Personality?! Studying#Personality! Psychoanalytic#Theory:#Freud! Trait#Models#of#Personality! Can!Personality!Traits!Change?!#What#is#personality?#! A#person’s#unique#and#enduring#patterns#of#thinking,#feeling,#and#be h avin g! Explains!why!we!behave!the!way!we!do! Relatively!consistent,!and!influences!behavior!across!many!situations! Beware!of!“_____________!‐!_________ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ !_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _”!!Studying!Personality:! Two!approaches:! _________________! Strives!to!understand!personality!by!identifying!_____________!laws !th a t !govern!behavior!of!all!people! How!traits!generalize!across!individuals! ____________________! Strives!to!understand!personality!by!identifying!______________!conf ig u ra tio ns!of!characteristics! Case!studies!!single cause explanationsNomotheticgeneralIdiographicunique(Think Individual) ____________:!relat iv e ly !e n d u r in g !________________ !tha t !in fl u e n c e !o u r !b e h a v io r !a cr o s s!many!situations! “He’s!a!funny!guy.”! “She’s!a!conscientious!person.”!!Differences!in!Personality:! Possible!determinants:! __________________! ______________#envir o n ment! Experiences!that!make!people!in!the!same!family!__________!alike! Family!home,!vacations,!etc.! ______________________#envir o n ment! Experiences!that!make!people!in!the!same!family!____________!alike! Parents!treat!kids!differently,!experiences!in!school,!etc.!How!we!study!these!factors:! Twin#Studies! Looks!at!___________!influen c e ! Identical!v s.!fra te rn al! Reared!together!vs.!reared!apart! Separates!influence!of!genes!and!shared!environment! ___________#Studie s ! Separates!genes!an d !e nvironment!! Many!personality!traits!are!influenced!substantially!by!genetic!factors!(since!con c o r d a n c e !ra t e s!of!identical!twins!>!that!of!fraternal!twins)! Anxiety!proneness,!impulse!control,!traditionalism!Traits predisposition'sGeneticsSharedNonsharedmorelessgeneticAdoption Twin Studies Identical!twins!reared !to ge th er !ha ve !c orrelations!less!than!1.0! Suggests!that!____________________!environm e n t !p la y s!a !r o le ! Minnesota!Twins!Study! 130!identical!and!fraternal!twins!reared!apart! Identical!twins!reared !ap a rt!a re!________________ ! Almost!exactly!the!same!as!identical!twins!reared!together! ____________!envionment!plays!____________!role!in!adult!personality!Adoption!Studies:! Adopted#children#are#more#______________#to#________________#than#ad o p ted#pare n ts! ______________!enviro nment!has!little!o r!n o!impac t !Birth!Order:!A!type!of!nonshared!environmental!influence! Many!books!claim!birth!order!effects! Firstborns!smarter,!second‐borns!friendlier,!etc.! No#empirical#support#for#birth#order#effects! Frank!Sulloway!(1996)! Had!historians!rate!revolutionary!scientific!theories! Later‐borns!were!more!likely!to!support!radical!ideas! But!experimenters!weren’t!blind!to!birth!order;!hasn’t!been!replicated!!Remember:!Heritability!doesn’t!depend!on!just!the!genes.!Remember!gene‐environment!interactions?! Interactio n #w ith #en v iro n ment#dete rmine#how#genes#a re#_______________________!#Genetic#Studies:# Molecular#genetic#studies! Allows!researchers!to!pinpoint!genes!related!to!specific!traits!nonsharedShared environment does not play a role.strikingly similarShareslittle or nosimilarBiologicalSharedexpressed Genes!!Protein s! !Neu rotransm i tte r s ! Novelty#seeking:!a!trait!for!ten d e ncy!to!see k !o ut!and!enjoy!new!experiences! Based!on!dopamine!system!and!reward!pathways!!!Sigmund#Freud#and#Psychoanalysis:! Studied!neurology!–!believed !mental!d is o rders!had !a !p h y s io logical!ba si s! Observed!strange!states!that!couldn’t!be!explained!by!biology!(glove&anesthesia)! Led!to!development!of!_________________#theo r y#an d!psychoanalysis! Emphasizes#the#importance#of#________________#influe n c e s# Freud!often!used!hypnosis! Believed!recollections!of!early!trauma!helped!relieve!symptoms! Often!accompanied!by!________________,!or!a!fe e li n g !o f!r e lie f!following!a!dramatic!outpouring!of!emotion!Core!Assumptions!of!the!Theory:! _________________________! All!psychological!events!have!a!cause! Causal!forces!may!be!unconscious! ___________________#mea ning! Nothing!is!meaningless! Eg:!Freudian!slips.!Have!you !h ad !o n e? !Eg :!________________________ ! __________________________________!###psychoanalyticunconsciouscatharsisPsychic Determinism SymbolicUnconscious MotivationFreudian#view#of#the#mind:# _________________#mind:! Things!we!are!______________!of! __________________#mind:! Informa tio n !no t!c o ns cio u s!a t!th e!momen t,!b ut !ca n!b e !ret riev e d!with!effort! ____________________#min d #(a ss u med#to #b e #the#bigge s t#p a r t#of#the#m in d):! Reservoir!of!mostly!unacceptable!thoughts,!wishes,!and!desires!!The!structure!of!personality!(Freudian!view):! Personality!made!up!of!interplay!between!three!_________________!or!componen t s !1. ___________!2. ___________!3. ______________!#The#Id:#Pleasure#Principle# Collection#of#our#most#_______________#impuls e s ! Entirely!_______________!and!prese n t!a t !b irt h ! Strives!to!satisfy!aggression!and!______________!drives!(lib ido )! Operates!on!the!______________________#____________________:! Seek!immediate!gratification!#The#Ego:#Reality#Principle! Organized,#_____________,#planning #dimension #of#p e rs on a lity! _______________!dem a n d s !o f !id !a n d !s u p e r e g o ! Operates!on!___________#principal:!ConsciousawarePreconscious UnconsciousagenciesIDEgoSuperegoprimitiveunconscioussexualpleasure principlerationalBalancesreality ____________________!gratific a t io n !u ntil!appro priate!ou tl e t!!The#Superego:#the#conscience! Our#sense#of#__________________! Represents!internalized!societal!and!familial!ideals! Begins!operating!around!age!4!or!5! Dictates!how!you!behave;!your!conscious!! Agencies!often!in!_________________! Eg:!________________________________________! Dreams!–!inner!window!into!the!id! Wish#fulfillment:!all!dreams!design