Ch#15#Psych#Disorders##• What%is%mental%illness?#• Why%study%mental%illnesses?#• Criteria%for%mental%illness#o Statistical%rarity%# __________#o ______________%distress# Produces%pain#o Impairment# Interfere%with%norm a l%fun c tio n ing #o Societal%_____________# Regarded%with%disapproval#o __________________%dysfunction# chemical%imbalance/brain%dysfunction#• Remember!!%There%are%exceptions!!#o ________%for%all%criteria%to%be%met!#o No%single%criterion%can%discriminate#• Family%_________________%view#o No%single%feature%defines%family%relation#o Family%members%share%sets%of%features#Historical#conceptions#• _____________%model#o Evil%spirits%caused%mental%illness#o Witches%described%as%mentally%ill#• _____________%mod e l#o disorders%are%__________%caused#o confined%to%asylums# still%barbaric#o later:%____ __ _ __ _ __%treatment# progressive%reform;%compassion#Failure Analysis Approach UnusualSubjectiveDisapprovalBiologicalRareResemblance DemonicMedicalphysicallyMoral• Modern%era#o _________%therapy#o patients%could%function%independently,%return%to%families#o caused%_______________________ # release%patien ts,%close %hos pitals # #%of%mentally%ill%in%hospitals%reduced#• mentally%ill%living/working%with%community#• patients%go%off%medications#• become%homeless#Diagnoses#• Have%diagnoses%been%stable%over%time?#o ______!%Diagnoses%change%depending%on%society’s%conceptions%of%mental%illness# older%diagnoses#• masterbational%insanity# diagnoses%today%that%are%not%suppo rt e d %b y %re s e a rc h#• sex%____________ _#• _______%%%________%disorder#• Are%diagnoses%the%same%across%cultures?#o No!%Certain%disorders%are%___________%%%____________# ____________%%bound%disorders#• Non‐western#o Windigo:%anxiety%and%fear%of%becoming%a%cannibal#o Koro%(China,%etc):%fear%of%penis%retraction#o Amok%(Malaysia,%etc):%intense%brooding%followed%by%unprovoked%attacks#o Mental%disorder%unique%to%western%culture# __________%%%_____________#• caused%by%cultural%expectations%of%fitness/body%weight#• more%frequent%in%those%who%watch%tv #• Are%some%mental%disorders%___________________?#o Yes!%Common%recognition%of%alcoholism,%schizophrenia,%psychopathic%personality#DrugR(Pro)(Con)(Con)NoAddiction Road Rageculture specificCultureBulimia Nervosauniversal• Why%diagnose?#o Easier%to%select%a%___________________#o Easier%for%professional%to%communicate%with%each%other#Misconceptions#• Mental%illnesses%are%not%____________#o Szasz:%mental%illnesses%are%just%__________%stigmas#• Diagnoses%give%us%_______________%predictions#o Distinguish%from%other%diagnoses#o __________%performance%on%lab%tests#o predict%__________%history%with%disorder#o predicts%difficulties%down%the%road#o predicts%_______________%to%treatment#Anxiety#Disorders#• Among%the%most%prevalent%disorders#• Early%onset:%%_____________#o Most%mood%disorders%arise%~30%years#• _________________%%Disorder#o Panic%______________# Intense%fe a r,%terro r# Sweating,%fainting,%racing%heart# Isolated%a tta ck s%c ommon,%so metimes%fo r%n o %re as on #o Panic%________________# ________________%%%unexpected%panic%attacks#• Generalized%_______________%Disorder#o _____%%%of%each%day%worrying# most%people%_____%#o Intense%w o rry %a bout%small%things# Difficulty%concentrating;%fatigue,%tension#o Usually%follows%a%major%stressful%event##treatmentvalidsocialaccuratePredict familyresponseattacksdisorderPanic Repeated Anxiety 6018• ________________#o All%of%us%have%fears# Becomes%a%mental%______________%when%the%fear%causes%considerable%distress%or%___________%our%lives#o _____________________# translation:%“fea r%of%___ __ __ ___ __ __ __” # fear%of%being%in%s ituation%o r%p l a ce %where%_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ %i s%d i ffi cult%or%em b a r ra s sing#• public%situations#• many%don’t%leave%their%houses#• often%directly%stems%from%________%%%__________#o _____________%phobia# exaggerated%fear%of%public%______ ___ __ __ ___ __ __ _ #• avoid%public%situations%or%being%put%on%the%spot#o ______________%phobia# cause%increases%in%heart%rate,%blood%pressure# cane%be%of%anything#• Ailurophobia:%fear%of%________#• Anthrophobia:%fear%of%________#• Coulrophobia:%fear%of%_________%• Obsessive%________________%Disorder%(OCD)%o Repetitive%thoughts%to%commit%certain%behaviors%o Consists%of% ______________%:%the%thoughts%• irrational%th o u gh ts%th a t%ca u se %an x iet y/d is tre ss %• centered%on%contamination,%infection% ______________%:%the%behaviors%• behaviors%to%reduce%stress%• cleaning,%counting,%avoiding%cracks%on%sidewalk,%etc%• Anxiety%disorder%can%be%________________%o __________________%disorder% physical%pain%or%illness%with%psychological%cause%• doctor:%“nothing%is%wrong%with%you”%Phobias illnessAgoraphobia marketplaceescapepanic disordersSocialembarrassmentSpecificcatsfear of menclownsCompulsiveObsessionsCompulsionsphysicalSomatoform _____________________%%• obsession%over%possible%diseases%• mild%aches%and%pain%interpreted%as%something%more%serious%What%causes%anxiety%disorders?%o Learning%models% Recall:%phobias%• Could%be%induced%through%_______________%_______________% _________________%conditioning%• avoiding%what%is%fe a r e d %is %re in f o rc e d %by%anxie ty %re d uction% ________________%learning%• observe%and%learn%fearful%reactions%from%others%o _________________%factors%–%how%yo u %think% _____________________%• overreacting;%interpret%ambiguous%situations%in%negative,%catastrophic%ways% _____________%%______________%• interpret%n o rmal%reaction s%o f%a nx ie ty%in %h igh ly%n e ga tiv e%w a y %o normal%rushes%of%blood%believed%to%be%cause%for%danger%%Mood#Disorders#• Fluctuations%in%mood%are%normal%– _________________%_______________%is%NOT%• Serious,%___________________%disturban c e %in %e motion s%– Psychological%discomfort%– Impaire d%fu n c tio nin g %%___________%_________________%________________%(MDD)%• Sad,%overwhelmed,%loss%of%interest,%suicidal%thoughts/actions%• At%least%2%weeks%(often%months%or%years)%Hypochondriasisclassical conditionOperantObservationalCognitiveCatastrophizingAnxiety Sensitivity clinical depressionpersistentMajor Depressive Disorder•