Therapy Chapter 13TherapySlide 3Slide 4Treating Psychological DisordersTreatment ReformersToday’s TherapiesThe Psychological TherapiesPsychoanalysisSlide 10Humanistic TherapiesBehavior TherapiesClassical Conditioning TechniquesExposure TherapiesAversive ConditioningOperant ConditioningCognitive TherapiesA Cognitive PerspectiveBeck’s Therapy for DepressionSlide 20Cognitive-Behavioral TherapyGroup and Family TherapiesSlide 23Evaluating PsychotherapiesIs Psychotherapy Effective?Slide 26Outcome ResearchSlide 28Slide 29Which Therapies Work Best?Therapies with Little Scientific SupportWhen to Seek TreatmentThe Biomedical TherapiesDrug TherapiesSlide 35Antipsychotic DrugsSlide 37Antianxiety DrugsAntidepressant DrugsHow SSRIs WorkUsing Antidepressant DrugsMood-Stabilizing MedicationsBrain StimulationElectroconvulsive TherapySlide 45Alternative Neurostimulation TherapiesrTMSPsychosurgeryLobotomyTherapeutic Life-Style ChangeMind and Body are ConnectedPreventing Psychological DisordersResilienceFostering Growth and Human FlourishingTherapyChapter 13TherapyTreating Psychological DisordersThe Psychological TherapiesPsychoanalysisHumanistic TherapiesBehavior TherapiesCognitive TherapiesGroup and Family TherapiesTherapyEvaluating PsychotherapiesIs Psychotherapy Effective?Which Therapies Work Best?How Do Psychotherapies Help People?Culture and Values in PsychotherapyTherapyThe Biomedical TherapiesDrug TherapiesBrain Stimulation PsychosurgeryTherapeutic Lifestyle ChangePreventing Psychological DisordersTreating Psychological Disorders•In earlier times, efforts to treat psychological disorders were often cruel and often based on irrational beliefs•The chair on the right was once considered a more humane form of treatment.Treatment Reformers•Reformers pushed for gentler, more humane treatments–Constructed mental hospitals•Since 1950s mental hospitals have been emptied in favor of drug therapies and community-based treatmentsDorothea Dix(1802-1887)Today’s Therapies•Psychotherapy: treatment involving psychological techniques–Consists of interactions with a trained therapist–Many therapists use an eclectic approach, using a blend of therapy techniques•Biomedical therapy: Prescribed medications or medical proceduresThe Psychological Therapies•The most influential types of psychotherapies:–Psychoanalytic–Humanistic–Behavioral–Cognitive•Most can be used one-on-one or in groupsPsychoanalysis•Originally developed by Freud•Today, not generally practiced as Freud did•Provides part of the foundation for treating psychological disordersPsychoanalysis•Goals–Bring patients’ repressed or disowned feelings into conscious awareness–Giving them insight into the origins of their disorder helps them take responsibility for their own growthHumanistic Therapies•Therapists aim to boost patients’ self-fulfillment by growing in self-awareness and self-acceptance•Differences from psychoanalytic therapies–Focuses on promoting growth, not curing illness–Path to growth is taking immediate responsibility for one’s feelings and actions–Conscious thoughts are more important than unconscious–The present and future are more important than the pastBehavior Therapies•Doubts the healing power of self-awareness•Applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviorsClassical Conditioning Techniques•Maladaptive symptoms may be examples of conditioned responses•Treatment for bed-wetters (O.H. Mowrer)–Connect liquid-sensitive pads to an alarm–Associates urinary relaxation with waking, stops the bed-wetting•Counterconditioning: pairs the trigger stimulus (e.g., enclosed space) with a new response (e.g., relaxation)–Exposure therapies–Aversive conditioningExposure Therapies•Treat anxiety by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid•Systematic desensitization: associates a relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli•Virtual reality exposure therapy: progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fearsAversive Conditioning•Associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behaviorOperant Conditioning•Behavior modification:–Reinforce desirable behaviors–Don’t reinforce (or even punish) undesirable behaviors–Useful for solving specific behavior problems•Token economy: a procedure in which people earn a token for exhibiting a desired behavior, and can later exchange the tokens for privileges or treatsCognitive Therapies•Behavior therapies are good for specific fears and problem behaviors•What about range of behaviors accompanying depression or anxiety? •Cognitive therapies teach people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting–Based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactionsA Cognitive PerspectiveBeck’s Therapy for Depression•Aaron Beck and his colleagues developed cognitive therapy–Gentle questioning seeks to reveal irrational thinking and then persuade people to remove “dark glasses” through which they view lifeBeck’s Therapy for Depression•Many students become anxious before an exam–“This exam’s going to be impossible”–“I wish I were better prepared”•To change negative self-talk, therapists teach people to alter their thinking in stressful situations–“I’ve studied well, now it’s time to show what I know”•Training people to “talk back” to negative thoughts can be effective at curbing depressionCognitive-Behavioral Therapy•An integrative therapy combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)–Shown to be effective at treating anxiety disorders (like OCD) and depression–Albert Ellis suggested that even when cognitive therapy works, feeling better is not enough: “You have to back it up with action, action, action.”Group and Family Therapies•Most therapies may also occur in small groups (except traditional psychoanalysis)Group and Family Therapies•Unique benefits–Relief to find that others share your problems–Receive feedback as you try out new behaviors•Family therapy treats the family as a system. View an individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family membersEvaluating Psychotherapies•Is Psychotherapy Effective? •Which Therapies Work Best?•How Do Psychotherapies Help People?•Culture and Values in PsychotherapyIs Psychotherapy