Developing Through the Life Span Chapter 3Developmental PsychologyThree Major Issues for Developmental PsychologyPrenatal Development and the Newborn_______________The Fertilized EggHeredityGenomeGene-Environment InteractionPrenatal DevelopmentSlide 11TeratogensThe Competent NewbornSlide 14Slide 15Newborns DifferPowerPoint PresentationInfancy and ChildhoodPhysical DevelopmentBrain DevelopmentNeural pruningExperience and Brain DevelopmentSlide 23Motor DevelopmentCognitive DevelopmentJean PiagetSlide 27____________ StageSensorimotor Stage: CriticismsSlide 30Preoperational children lack concept of conservationPreoperational Stage____________ ____________ StageSlide 34Reflecting on Piaget’s TheorySocial DevelopmentAttachment: An Emotional BondOrigins of AttachmentAttachment DifferencesCauses of Attachment DifferencesAttachment: Separation AnxietyAttachment and Later RelationshipsDeprivation of AttachmentParenting StylesSlide 45Culture and Child-RearingThinking about Nature and NurtureAdolescenceSlide 49Slide 50Physical Development: The BrainSlide 52Developing Reasoning PowerDeveloping MoralityChanges in Nature of MoralityCritism of KohlbergSlide 57Forming an IdentitySlide 59Parent and Peer RelationshipsEmerging AdulthoodThinking about Continuity and StagesDeveloping Through the Life SpanChapter 3Developmental Psychology•The study of how we change – __________, __________, and __________– throughout the life span.Three Major Issues for Developmental Psychology1. _______________: How do genes interact with the environment to influence development?2. _______________: What parts of development are gradual? What parts change abruptly in stages? 3. _______________: Which traits persist through life? How do we change as we age?Prenatal Development and the NewbornHow, over time, did we come to be who we are? From zygote to birth, development progresses in an orderly, though fragile, sequence._______________A single sperm cell (male) penetrates the outer coating of the egg (female) and fuses with the egg to form one fertilized cell.The Fertilized Egg•The new cell contains the genetic code that helps make a person – the same code will be carried by every one of that person’s cells!•The code is carried on _______________, threadlike structures made of ____(deoxyribose nucleic acid), stored in each cell’s nucleusHeredity•Genes are pieces of DNA, which can be expressed or made inactive by environmental events, and control the emergence of trait characteristics•Heredity: Genes are passed from ____________to offspringGenomeGenome is the set of complete instructions for making an organism, containing all the genes in that organism’s chromosomes. •Humans share ____________ of their DNA with each other!•Genetic differences account for many trait differences especially physical traits•Traits may be influenced by many genes especially complex ones such as personailtyGene-Environment Interaction•Human differences are also shaped by the ____________ –external influence starting with maternal nutrition in the womb•Genes and environment interact. –Example: a naturally shy child will come to have different experiences than a very outgoing one, leading to different behaviorsPrenatal Development•____________ : Conception to 2 weeks. –Divides into 100 cells in the first week, when cells start to differentiate.•____________ : 2 weeks through 8 weeks. –Attaches to the uterine wall.•____________ : 9 weeks to birth.–Internal organs start develop.Prenatal Developmentembryo at one month fetus at two months fetus at three monthsTeratogens•Teratogen: any agent (e.g., chemical, virus) that can reach the developing infant during prenatal development and cause harm.•Example: heavy drinking during pregnancy can cause ________________ , characterized by physical abnormalities and lifelong mental impairmentThe Competent NewbornInfants are born with ____________ – unlearned, automatic responses to a sensory stimulus. Responding to faces, crying for food, rooting reflex, and sucking.•Example: Rooting: automatic reflex of searching for a nipple when something touches the baby’s cheek•Failure to find satisfaction may lead to cryingThe Competent NewbornOffspring cries are important signals for parents to provide nourishment. In animals and humans such cries are quickly attended to and relieved.The Competent NewbornPredisposition to Faces: •Newborns, even an hour after birth, prefer to look at shapes that resemble facesNewborns Differ•____________ : a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. •One aspect of personality•Rooted in biology. –Identical twins have more similar personalities (including temperament) than fraternal twinsInfancy and ChildhoodPhysical DevelopmentCognitive DevelopmentSocial DevelopmentInfancy and ChildhoodNewborn Toddler TeenagerInfancy Childhood____________ : The biological growth processes leading to orderly changes in behavior, independent of experience. Example: The crawling infant matures into a walking toddler, no matter what nurture is provided.Physical Development•Brain development•Motor developmentBrain Development•Most neurons form in the womb•Immature wiring – networks form after birth•____________– seat of rational planning.–Most rapid growth during ages 3 to 6–Continue to develop into adolescence and beyond•____________– linked with memory, language, and learning–Last to develop–Mental abilities surge with developmentNeural pruning•Use it or lose it! –Unused neural pathways get shut down–Connections that get used become strengthenedExperience and Brain DevelopmentExperience and Brain Development•Young children easily master language•But harder to learn once adolescence is reached•____________ for some skills – exposure to some certain stimuli or experience is required during this time for proper development•Also true for visual perceptionMotor Development•Universal sequence of development–Sitting–Crawling–Walking–RunningCognitive Development•Babies are capable of learning–Two-month-old learned to kick leg to make a mobile spin above his crib–Infants in a follow up experiment recalled which mobile could be moved this way–Learning endured: They still recalled a month later that their kick could move the mobileJean Piaget•Believed children’s minds develop in stages, each with its own style of reasoning•Partly involves