Carlos Andres Rodriguez Herrera 1 31 23 Psychology 1100 Chapter 10 Intelligence 338 419 Intelligence Intelligence from one s experiences The Intelligence Quotient IQ the ability to direct one s thinking adapt to one s circumstances and learn Alfred Binet Theodore Simon age average score the child s score most closely resembles Designed test of schoolchildren s natural intelligence Mental level Ratio IQ Aptitude vs Achievement age and then multiplying the quotient by 100 score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100 Average IQ at each age is 100 a statistic obtained by dividing a person s test score by the average test a statistic obtained by dividing a person s mental age by the person s physical Deviation IQ Measuring Intelligence Intelligence cannot be directly tested Intelligence tests are a measurement of a person s performance on tasks that are correlated with the consequences that intelligence produces o Stanford Binet test o Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS What Does Intelligence Predict Intelligence test correlate o R 5 with academic performance years of education o R 4 with occupational status income o R 53 with job performance People with high intelligence o Are more likely to be rich and successful o Nations with high average intelligence do better economically Misuse of Testing early 1900s Given to new American immigrants Many labeled feeble minded Factor Analysis Factor analysis terms of small number of underlying factors a statistical technique that explains a large number of correlation sin Charles Spearman found that schoolchildren s ability to discriminate differences in color pitch and etcetera positively correlated with their academic performance but not perfectly There was no one student that was the best at all the tasks The Ohio State University 1 Carlos Andres Rodriguez Herrera 1 31 23 Types of Intelligence Two Factor Theory of Intelligence g and skills that are specific to the task s every task requires a combination of general ability Primary mental Abilities Data based Approach by John Carroll Crystalized intelligence through experience Fluid intelligence the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences Types of Intelligence Middle Level Abilities Data approaches can only tell us what the tests measure Theory based approach by Robert Sternberg Triarchic Model 3 kinds of intelligence o Analytical intelligence o Creative intelligence o Practical intelligence Sternberg s Triarchic Model Creative Intelligence generate solution that others don t Think outside the box o o Ability to think of novel and effective answers ability to identify define problems and strategies to solve ability to apply and implement these solutions in everyday Analytical Intelligence them o o Reason logically Book smarts Practical Intelligence settings Street smarts o o Solve real world problems o Related to creative intelligence Theory Based Approach by Howard Gardner Prodigy Savant people of normal intelligence who have an extraordinary ability people of low intelligence who have an extraordinary ability Howard Gardner s 8 Types of Intelligence Linguistic intelligence Logical mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence Musical intelligence Bodily kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence Naturalistic intelligence things speak and write well use logic and math to solve problems think and reason abou objects in three dimensional space perform and understand music manipulate the body in physical endeavors understand and interact effectively with others ability to understand and possess insight into the self recognize identify and understand plants animals and living the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence enhance reasoning Know what emotions event will trigger Can identify describe and mange their own emotions o Know how to use emotions to improve decisions o Can identify other s emotions The Ohio State University 2 Carlos Andres Rodriguez Herrera 1 31 23 Higher emotional intelligence better social relationships happier more satisfied with life Genetic Influences Family Studies o Sibling IQ r 45 o Cousins IQ r 15 Identical twins IQ r 78 o o Fraternal twins IQ r 56 Sources of Intelligence Heritability coefficient h between people s scores that can be explain by differences in their genes h 2 is about 5 for intelligence 2 a statistic that describes the proportion of the difference o About 50 of the difference between people s intelligence test scores is due to genetic differences Shared environment members of a household relevant members of a household Non shared environment Adoption studies those environmental factors that are experiences by all relevant those environmental factors that are not experienced by all Increase in IQ when adopted form deprived environment o o Similar IQ to biological parents Socioeconomic Status SES o Low SES children have poorer nutrition and medical care and have less stimulating environments o Cognitive deficits associated with low SES Early Intervention o Education causes increases in IQ Lower rate of high school dropout o Relative intelligence o Generally stable over time o The smarter kids become the smarter adults Absolute intelligence The Flynn Effect o Increases into middle age and then declines o Average IQ has slowly been rising at a rate of about 0 3 per year because there s a better environment nourishment parenting education system Birth Order IQ correlates with birth order Larger families have lower IQs Schooling o Number of years in school r 5 Group Differences Little or no difference between sexes Men have higher bias in IQ scores Women do better on product and comprehension tasks Men do better on abstract mathematical tasks Social Cognition Stereotypes Stereotype threat fear of confirming a negative group stereotype o People act in accordance with the stereotype The Ohio State University 3 Carlos Andres Rodriguez Herrera 1 31 23 African American students perform more poorly on tests if they are asked to repor their race before binning Doing so causes anxiety about confirming racial stereotypes Similarly Asian American women perform poorly on tests when they are reminded of their gender o Stereotype women are bad at math However they perform well on the same test when they are reminded of their race o Stereotype Asians