Ch#5#Consciousness#Guided#Notes##What%is%consciousness?%Here ’s%a%working%definition:% Our%subjective%experience%of%the%world%and%ourselves.% Encompasses%our%awareness%of%our%thoughts,%emotions,%bodily%sensations,%events%and%actions.%__________________:%A%strang e%e xp e rie nc e %of%b e in g%u n ab le %to %m o ve %j u st %a ft e r%fa l lin g %a s le e p %o r %imme dia te ly%u p o n %aw a k en in g.%We%can%gain%insight%about%normal%function%by%studying%what%happens%during%departures%from%the%normal%state:%1)%Sleep%behavior%2)%drug%induced%highs%Measuring%the%activity%in%the%brain%and%muscles%during%sleep!%We%will%measure%three%things:%1) Brain%activity:%Electroencephalogram#(EEG)%measure s%e l e ct ric a l%a c t iv ity %in %t h e %b r a in .%We%kno w%that%there%is%electrical%ac tivity%in%the %neu ro ns.%Ty pica lly,%electro de s%are%p lace d%o n%the %scalp %in%a%symmetrical%pattern.%Th e%ele ctrod es %m eas ure %very%sm a ll%voltag es%th at%scien tists%thin k%are %cau sed %by%synchronized%activity%in%very%large%numbers%of%synapses%(nerve%connections)%in%the%brain’s%outer%layers%(cerebral%cortex).%EEG%data%are%represented%by%curves%that%are%classified%according%to%their%frequen cies.%Th e%w av y%lines %of%the %EEG %are %called %brain %w ave s.%2) Eye%movements:%An%electrooculogram#(EOG)%uses%electrodes%on%the%skin%near%the%eye%to%measure%changes%in%voltage%as%the%eye%rotates%in%its%socket.%%3) Muscle%tension/activity:%Scientists%also%measure%the%electrical%activity%associated%with%active%muscles%by%using%electromyograms#(EMGs).%In%this%techniqu e ,%ele ctro d e s%a re%p la ce d %on %th e %skin %overlaying%a%muscle.%Stages%of%Sleep:% _______%=%Rap id %E y e %Movement%ac c o mpanie d %by%eleva ted %brain%activity.% _______%=%non ‐REM.% 4%different%stages%Wakeful%states:% Awake% ____________%wave s % High%frequency%(>13%Hz)%Sleep Paralysis REMNREMBeta Calm%wakefulness% _____________%wave s % Slightly%lower%frequency%(8‐12%Hz)%%SLEEP#CYCLE# ___%differe n t%s ta g e s :%___%minute s%t o ta l % Each%has%distinct%______________% Frequency%of%brain%activity% High%frequency:%________%brain%activity % Low%frequency:%_________%brain%a c t iv ity %NREM%(Light%Sleep%Stages%1%and%2):% STAGE%1% ________%wave s %(4 ‐7Hz)% Brain%powered%down%by%50%.% “______________________ ”%pha se% STAGE%2% Slows%down%more.% ______________%%(12‐14%Hz).% K‐com plexes.% 65%%of%our%sleep.%NREM%(Deeper%Sleep%Stages%3%and%4):% STAGE%3%+%4% ____________%wave s %(1 ‐2%Hz)% Super%_________%activity% 20‐50%%of%the%time%in%stage%3%Alpha 590brainwavesTheta No I wasn't sleepingSleep SpindlesDeltaSlow >%50%%of%the%time%in%stage%4% “____________________________” % Children%40%,%Adults%25%% Alcohol%suppresses%_________%sleep!%REM%Sleep%(Stage%5):% ________%amp lit u d e ,%________%f re q uency%E E G . % _________%simila r%t o %_____________ %sta te s .% EMG:%Bodies%effectively%paralyzed:%______________________%SLEEP% EOG:%_______________________.% Increased %_________________ %an d %blood%p re s s u re . % %Rapid %a n d %ir re g u la r %b re a t h in g . % __________%dreaming!% 20‐25%%of%our%night’s%sleep.%%%%%%%%%%%%%Sleeping Like a Baby delta wavesLowHighEEGWakefulParadoxicalRapid Eye Movement Heart RateVividAstronaut)Telemetry)Evaluation)Form)Space)Command)M edical)Team)Report)!Overall!Evaluation:!Medical!telemetry!for!astronaut)Jordan)indicates!(c irc le!o n e ):!!A. wakefulness!%B. NREM!sleep!%C. REM!sleep!%D. data!inconclusive%%%1) EEG%(Brain%Waves):%a) High%frequency%b) Low%frequency%%2) EOG%(Eye%Movements):%a) Rapid%b) Not%rapid%%3) EMG%(Muscle%Tension):%a) No%muscle%activity%b) Muscle%activity%retained%%%Overall!Evaluation:!Medical!telemetry!for!astronaut)Rodriguez)indicates!(circle !o n e) :!!A. Wakefulness%B. NREM!sleep!%C. REM!sleep!%D. data!inconclusive%%%1) EEG%(Brain%Waves):%a) High%frequency%b) Low%frequency%%2) EOG%(Eye%Movements):%a) Rapid%b) Not%rapid%%3) EMG%(Muscle%Tension):%a) No%muscle%activity%b) Muscle%activity%retained%%%%%%Overall!Evaluation:!Medical!telemetry!for!astronaut)Chen)indicates!(circle!o n e) :!!A. Wakefulness%B. NREM!sleep!%C. REM!sleep!%D. data!inconclusive%%%1) EEG%(Brain%Waves):%a) High%frequency%b) Low%frequency%%2) EOG%(Eye%Movements):%a) Rapid%b) Not%rapid%%3) EMG%(Muscle%Tension):%a) No%muscle%activity%b) Muscle%activity%retained%%%%Biological%Mechanisms%of%Sleep:%% ____________________%rhyth ms% 24%hr%rotations%of%bio%processes% Hormone%release,%brain%waves,%body%temp e ra t u re ,%drowsiness% Jet%lag%% Biological%clock:%_____________________%nucleu s %(S C N)%in%hyp othalamus.%~20 ,00 0 %ne u ro n s. % Directly%causes%drowsiness% Feel%drowsy%at%night%due%to%the%hormone:%________________%%Neither%fully%asleep%nor%fully%awake:%_____________%dreaming.%%%Sleep%Disorders:%% __________________% Most%common%(15%%of%pop.)% Difficulty%sleeping%or%staying%asleep% Caused%by%stress% __________________% Randomly%fall%asleep%% __________________% Sometimes%drive%cars,%turn%on%computers,%fire%guns% During%deep%sleep%(no%dreaming)%CircadianSuperchiasmaticmelatoninlucidInsomniaNarcolepsySleep Walking% Sleep%_________________% 2‐20%%of%the%pop.% Caused%by%blockage%of%airway%during%sleep%% Night%terrors% Almost%exclusively%in%children%%%Drugs#and#Consciousness## Substance#abuse#and#dependence% Why#people#use#drugs% Psychoactive#drugs% Major#drug#types%1. Depressants%2. Stimulants%3. Opiates%4. Psychedelics%% Virtually%every%culture%has%discovered%that%certain%substances%alter%consciousness% ___________________:%any th i n g %containing%chemicals%similar%to%t h o s e %fo und%in%the%brain %t h a t%alter%consciousness% ___________________:%belie f s%a nd%expe c t a tio ns%abou t %th e %e f fe c ts %o f %a %d ru g ,%a long%wit h %th e %setting%%Substance%Abuse:% Drugs%have%psychological%effects% They%change%the%way%we%think,%fee l,%a n d %a c t % ___________________:%wh e n %u s e %o f%a %drug%res u lts %in %r e c u rr e n t%p r o b le ms% Family,%friends,%on%the%job,%law%%Substance%____________________%:% More%serious%pattern%of%use;%significant%impairment%and%distress%