Carlos Andres Rodriguez Herrera 1 31 23 Psychology 1100 Chapter 11 Development 107 110 422 424 429 443 448 463 Developmental Psychology Study of continuity and change across the life span Genes And The Environment Nature Biology The expression of genes Nurture Environment parenting Genes and the environment Gene unit of hereditary transmission Sections on a strand of DNA Chromosomes configuration 23 pairs 2 types of twins Monozygotic identical Dizygotic fraternal strands of DNA wound around each other in a double helix Heritability can be accounted for by genetic factors measure of the variability of behavioral traits among individuals that Based on abstract population these estimates are not fate Infancy and Childhood 3 tasks between infancy and adulthood Understand how the physical world works How their minds represent it How other minds represent it Piaget suggested that cognitive development occurs in 4 stages 1 Sensorimotor 2 Preoperational 3 Concrete operational 4 Formal operational Piaget s Theory Believed that children are not miniature adults Children are scientists Infancy and Childhood Assimilation Accommodation Schemas theories about or models of the way the world works infants apply their schemas in novel situations process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations 1 Sensorimotor stage birth to 2 years old a Use senses and motor abilities to explore world b Use stimulus response approach to reasoning The Ohio State University 1 Carlos Andres Rodriguez Herrera 1 31 23 c Lack object permanence an understanding that an object exists even if not visible 2 Preoperational stage 2 to 6 years old a Preliminary understanding of physical world b Use of transductive logic look for cause and effect failure to understand that the world appears differently to different a Expect others to see the world as they do understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even if 3 Egocentrism observers 4 Conservation appearance changes a Mental operation lacking in preoperational stage 5 Concrete Operational stage 7 to 11 years old a Children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects Inductive logic going from individual experiences to developing a larger theory b 6 Formal Operational stage 12 to adulthood a Solve physical and nonphysical problems with ease b Use deductive logic can think abstractly predict an outcome form something they never themselves experienced 7 Theory of mind human behavior is guided by mental representations a Understanding that others have different minds and that those minds represent 8 Autism the world in different ways mental disorder where children fail to acquire a theory of mind a Hard time making friends b Trouble communicate with others Infancy and Childhood Attachment Due to reliance on Mom s milk strong emotional connection helps with infant survival Who Becomes Their Primary Caregiver Internal working model of relationships giver and the relationship between them Secure or insecure Ainsowrth s Strange Situation Examines infants reactions to separation from and reunion with their mothers Step 1 child with mother in unfamiliar room Step 2 stranger enters the room mother leaves Step 3 mother reunites with her child set of beliefs about the self the primary care Temperaments Temperaments Largely genetic in origin Temperament Styles characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity Easy adaptable and relaxed Difficult fussy and easily frustrated Slow to Warm Up gradually adapt Adolescence Begins with onset of sexual maturity 11 14 years old The Ohio State University 2 Carlos Andres Rodriguez Herrera 1 31 23 bodily changes associated with sexual maturity Lasts until beginning of adulthood 18 21 years old Puberty Primary sex characteristics Secondary sex characteristics maturity but that are not directly involved in reproduction bodily structures that are directly involved in reproduction bodily structures that change dramatically with sexual Brain Changes Synaptic pruning cortex synapses are cut that are not used especially in the prefrontal More growth of tissue connecting different regions of the brain Age of puberty has decreased a lot physical adulthood But age of full responsibility has increased a lot social adulthood Adolescents are trapped between the two worlds Increases knowledge and safe practices for when you do decide to have sex It does NOT increase the likelihood to engage in sex or choose to have sex sooner Puberty can be awkward More stressful Boys late puberty Girls early puberty Sex Education Moral of the Story Talk to kids about sex Talk to them early Social changes Adults Compensate Changing goals More time with friends peers rather than parents Young brain specialist older brain specialists help each other out Young adults pay attention to useful information Older adults pay attention to positive information The Ohio State University 3