Psychological Disorders Chapter 12Psychological DisordersSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7PowerPoint PresentationWhat Is a Psychological Disorder?History of Approaches to Psychological DisordersThe Medical ModelThe Biopsychosocial ApproachClassifying Disorders and Labeling PeopleDiagnosing Psychological DisordersCriticisms of DiagnosesOverdiagnosisBenefits of Diagnostic LabelsAnxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety DisorderPanic DisorderPhobiasMost Common PhobiasObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Understanding Anxiety DisordersThe Learning PerspectiveThe Biological PerspectiveThe Biological Perspective on Anxiety/OCD/PhobiasAnxiety Disorder VideosDissociative DisordersSlide 31Skepticism About DIDSlide 33Personality DisordersSlide 35Antisocial Personality DisorderSlide 37Mood DisordersSlide 39Depression and EvolutionMajor Depressive DisorderBipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder: ManiaSuicideFacts about DepressionMore Facts about DepressionMood Disorders: Biological InfluencesBiological Aspects of DepressionSlide 49Psychological and Social InfluencesExplanatory Style and DepressionA Chicken-and-Egg ProblemDepression’s Vicious CycleVideos on depression and bipolarSchizophreniaSymptoms of SchizophreniaDisorganized ThinkingDisturbed PerceptionsInappropriate Emotions and ActionsOnset and Development of SchizophreniaSlide 61Understanding SchizophreniaSlide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Schizophrenia in Identical TwinsSchizophrenia videosOn to the next topic…Psychological DisordersChapter 12Psychological DisordersWhat is a Psychological Disorder?Defining Psychological DisordersUnderstanding Psychological DisordersClassifying Psychological Disorders – and Labeling PeoplePsychological DisordersAnxiety DisordersGeneralized Anxiety DisorderPanic DisorderPhobiasObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Understanding Anxiety DisordersPsychological DisordersDissociative and Personality DisordersDissociative DisordersPersonality DisordersSubstance-Related DisordersTolerance, Addiction, and DependenceTypes of Psychoactive DrugsUnderstanding Substance AbusePsychological DisordersMood DisordersMajor Depressive DisorderBipolar DisorderSuicideUnderstanding Mood DisordersPsychological DisordersSchizophreniaSymptoms of SchizophreniaOnset and Development of SchizophreniaUnderstanding SchizophreniaPsychological Disorders•Worldwide, 450 million people suffer from mental or behavioral disorders•26% of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder at some point during a given yearWhat Is a Psychological Disorder?An ongoing pattern of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are:•Deviant. Different from most other people who share one’s culture.•Distressful. Causing distress to the person or to others.•Dysfunctional. Behaviors interfere with normal day-to-day life.History of Approaches to Psychological Disorders•Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826) – Madness is not a demon possession, but a sickness of the mind•Pinel and others unchained patients, talked with them, used gentleness, gave them activity and fresh air and sunshineThe Medical Model•In the 1800s, it was discovered that syphillis could invade the brain and distort the mind.•Gave rise to the medical model of mental disorders – diseases (including psychological disorders) have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and often curedThe Biopsychosocial Approach•Psychological disorders are influenced by the interaction of our biology, our psychology, and our socio-cultural environment•Some disorders are linked with specific cultures–Anxiety related to a fear of black magic in Latin America–Anorexia and bulimia in Western cultures •Some disorders occur worldwide–Depression and schizophreniaClassifying Disorders and Labeling People•Diagnostic classification gives us a quick description of patient’s behavior, predicts future course, suggests treatment, and prompts research into causes.•Guidebook is the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)–Categories and guidelines are fairly reliable, resulting in the same diagnosis being made by different cliniciansDiagnosing Psychological DisordersCriticisms of Diagnoses•Casts too wide a net–400 disorder categories•Labels trigger society’s value judgments –Can cause us to view a person differently•Labels can be self-fulfillingMental illness is portrayed as dangerousOverdiagnosis•Study: David Rosenhan and 7 others went to a hospital admissions office, complaining of “hearing voices” (1973)•Answered all other questions truthfully•All were misdiagnosed with mental disorders•Doctors were able to “discover” the causes of their disordersBenefits of Diagnostic LabelsHelp mental health professionals•Communicate about their cases•Pinpoint underlying causes•Share information about effective treatmentsAnxiety Disorders•Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety–Generalized anxiety disorder–Panic disorder–Phobias–Obsessive-compulsive disorder–Post-traumatic stress disorderAnxiety: Basket Case?Generalized Anxiety Disorder•Disorder in which a person is continually tense, fearful, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal•Free-floating anxiety – person cannot identify the cause of the tension•Often coupled with depression, physical problems such as high blood pressure•Gender bias: 2/3 of those with GAD are womenPanic Disorder•An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations•Panic attack symptoms often misread as a heart attack or similar•Smokers have at least doubled risk of panic attackPhobias•A phobia is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear or avoidance of a specific object or situation•Can trigger a panic attack•Social phobia: fear of being judged by others•Agoraphobia: fear or avoidance of situations in which panic may strike, escape may be difficult, and help unavailableMost Common Phobias•A strong fear may become a phobia if it provokes a compelling but irrational desire to avoid the dreaded object or situationObsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)•Characterized by unwanted repetitive