Ch#11#Em o t io n #a n d#Motiv a tio n#–#Guid ed#Note s #P a r t#I#!Are!Emotions!Useful?!• Elliott:!case!study!in!textbook!• No!____________!reaction s !• Made!very!_______________!decisio ns!• __________!stude n ts !> !n o n‐angry!students!at!identifying!strong!vs!weak!scientific!arguments!(Moons!& !M a ckie ,!2007 )!• Yes,!emotions!are!useful!and!necessary!for!decision!making!!!Theories!of!Emotion:! Discrete!Emotions!Theory! Cognitive!theories! Unconscious!influences!Discrete#Emotions#Theory#• Small!#!of!_____________!emotions !(~ ______ ).!• Each!emotion!has!specific!___________________!functio n s .!• Each!emotion!has!a!distinct!“______________________”,!a!universal!and!genetically!influenced!set!of!________________!respo n se s . !• Cortex!evolved!later!than!the!limbic!system!!____________!p re c e d e !______________ !!Assessing!the!Discrete!Emotions!Theory:!• Testing!universality:!• Across!_______________?!Is!there!an!evolutionary!b a sis !for!emotions? !• Across!!_________ _ _ _within!the!human!species?!!!Emotions: Mental states/feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences.emotionalpoorAngry distincy7evolutionarymotor programphysiologicalemotionsthoughtsspeciescultures Genetic!influences,!innate?!• Development!of!emotions:!how!__________!in!development!do!we!see!e motion s ? !!• Direct!measurement!of!facial!responses!and!other!physiological!responses.!Can!emotions!be!precisely!predicted!based!on!just!physiological!data?!The!four!kinds!of!evaluations:!1. Evolutionary!Basis:!!!a. Basic!commonalities!across!__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ !i n !e motion!e x p r e ss io n!b. High‐pitch!sounds!=!friendly!c. Low‐pitch!sounds!=!hostile!!2. Culture:!!Read!about!Eckman’s!study!from!the!textbook.!• Eckman’s!7!primary!emotions!• Happiness!• Disgust!• Sadness!• Fear!• Surprise!• Contempt!• Anger!• Secondary!emotions:!_______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ !of!prima r y !e motions !• Alarm!=!fear!+!surprise!• Hatred!=!anger!+!disgust!• Language/culture!differences:!! schadenfreude!‐!glee!at!!witnessing!somebody!else’s!misfortune!!Other!cultural!differences!in!DISPLAY!RULES:!• Display!rules:!Cross‐cultural!________________!for!how !a n d !when!to !e x p re s s !e motions!• Crying!and!gender!differences:!males!discou rag e d,!fe males!told!its!o k ay !to !cry .!• Kissing!upon!greeting!• Friesen!experiment!• Neutral!and!gory!film!• Japanese!an d!A m eric an !stud en ts!• Experimenter!or!no!experimenter!!!!earlyDo animals have emotions?Darwin observed in 1872. Some evidence supports idea. speciesWhy: size of animal.Similar emotions across cultures (universality)included people isolated in Western Culture Maybe pride?Combinationguidelines3. Development:!!Some!emotional!expressions!are!likely!innate!New!born!infants!smile!spontaneously!in!REM!sleep!and!when!alone!Blind!children!smile!and!frown!!4. Physiological!responses:!!• !!!!!!!!Physiological!changes!!• Heart!rate!• Digestive!system!• Brain!activity!• Changes!not!always!unique!to!particular!emotion!• Heart!beats!__________!when !fe a r fu l !o r!a n g r y !• Brain!_____________!studies!show!that !d iff e re n t !p a rt s!of!the!br a in !a re !a s s o c ia te d !with!diffe r e n t!emotions!• ______________!in!the !____________________ ,!!________________!in!the !______________ !• However,!happiness!and!sadness!have!_________________!brain!acti vi ty !!Cognitive!Theories!of!Emotion!• James‐Lan ge!theory!• Somatic!marker!theory!• Cannon‐Bard!theory!• Two‐factor!the ory !!James!–!L a n g e !Th eory!• Emotions!result!from!our!________________________!of!our !p h y s ic a l!re a c ti o n !to!stimuli!fasterimaginingFearamygdalaAngerfrontal cortexsimilarReal vs Fake Emotions:Duchenne smile (Real) v Pan Am Smile (Fake)Only real smiles are associated with increased front left hemisphere activity,interpretations• Patients!with!higher!spinal!cord!injuries!(lost!all!sensation)!vs!patients!with!lower!sp ina l!co rd !in ju rie s!(lo st!so me!sensa tio n) !• Prediction?!Who!experiences!less!emotion?!!• ________________________!• Some!issues:!• Not!replicated!• Experimenter!expectancy!effect!!Somatic!Marker!Theory!(influenced!by!the!James‐Lange!Theory)!• use!our!“gut!reactions”!to!gauge!how!we!should!act!• Heart!rate,!sweating!• Nearly!instantaneous!!• Don’t#necessarily#need#somatic#markers#for#all#decisions#(eg:#_____________________________________#(PA F)#p a tie nt s#d id#fin e #w h e n #ga mbling)!!Cannon!‐!Bard!T h e o ry ! An!emotion‐provoking!event!leads!_______________________!to!an!________________________!!and!____________________________.!Two‐Factor!Theory! Encounter!an!emotional!event:!Get!psychologically!________________.!Arousal!is!the !same!across!all!emotions:!“____________________________ ” ! Emotions!are!our!_____________________!of!that!ale rtness/_______________!Which!theory!is!right?!• Probably!all!to!some!degree!• Discrete!emotion!theory:!natural!selection!and!adaptive!value!• James‐Lan ge!&!somatic!marker:!inferences!about!bodily!reactions!influence!emotions!• Two!factor:!arousal!influences!emotional!intensity!sometimes!Higher spinal cord injuriesExperiment knew which had whcat.pure autonomic failuresimultaneouslyemotionalbodily reactionsarousedundifferentiatedRegardless of emotion, it is the same.explanationarousalUnconscious#Influences#on#Emotion:#• We!can!process!information!of!which!we!are!not!____________________!aware !• Automatic!Generation!• Mere!Exposure!• Facial!Feedback!Hypothesis!Automatic!Generation:!• ________________________##mess a g e s #c a n #in fluence#g e neral#lev e l#o f #e motion!• Subliminal!advertising!is!not!effective!as!a!persuasive!tool,!but!we!know!subliminal!stimuli!can!affect!mood!• Words:#“friends,!music”!vs.!“cancer,!cockroach”!• Faces!–!ch a n g e s !in !mood!a n d!facial!muscles! !Mere!Exposure!Effect:!• The#more#________________##we#be c o me#with #s o methin g ,#t h e #more#we#_____________#it!• Specifically!applies!to!_______________!objects!!• Used!in!advertising!• Zajonc#(1968)!• Nonsense!syllables,!Chinese!characters,!polygons!• People!prefer!what!is!presented!__________!Facial!Feedback!Hypothesis:!•