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OSU PSYCH 1100 - PEL2e_CH05_lecture - student notes copy

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Sensation and Perception Chapter 5 Sensation and Perception Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception From Energy to Neural Impulse Thresholds Sensory Adaptation Perceptual Set Context Effects Sensation and Perception Vision Light Energy From the Environment into the Brain The Eye Visual Information Processing Visual Organization Visual Interpretation Sensation and Perception How do construct our representations of the world the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system take in stimuli from the environment The process by which our brain organizes and interprets that information and interprets that information as meaningful objects and events Sensing the World Senses have evolved to fit an organisms needs in its environment Frogs have cells in their eyes that respond only to small dark moving objects Male silkworms odor receptors can detect the sex attractant of a female a mile away Human ears are most sensitive to frequencies that include human voices especially a baby s cry From Energy to Neural Impulse The senses sensory stimulation that stimulation into neural impulses transduction the neural information to the brain the process of converting one form of energy into another in this case from photons and sound waves into neural signals Which stimuli do we sense We are ignorant of many stimuli X rays radio waves ultraviolet and infrared light Very high and very low frequency sounds Other organisms use stimuli we cannot detect Birds use magnetic compass Bats and dolphins use sonar Bees and ants see polarization of sunlight for navigation How much stimuli does it take to have a sensation minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 of the time Can see a far away light in the dark feel the slightest touch input below the absolute threshold can still be detected unconsciously The unnoticed information can cause setting us up to perceive or remember things in certain ways Detecting Stimuli Finding Thresholds Audiologists can find the volume level you can detect of the time for a given frequency Thresholds the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 of the time For example parents needs to distinguish their own child s voice from others to be perceived as different two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum proportion rather than a constant amount Weber s Law By what proportion must different types of stimuli differ to be perceived as different Stimulus Constant Light intensity 8 Weight 2 Tone frequency 0 3 Sensory Adaptation reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation We eventually cease to notice a room s bad smell after we ve been there for a while Why doesn t a visual stimulus disappear when we stare at it Because our eyes move too much to burn in the image Sensory Adaptation Experiment keeping an image moving along with the eye so that sensory adaptation happens Result the image disappears in fragments Perceptual Set The is a mental predisposition to perceive one thing rather than another Your interpretation of this object will depend on previous notions you have about what it might be Loch Ness Monster or Log Context Effects In addition to the perceptual set the immediate context can influence perception Context can include and other perceptual information Context Effects Culture and Cues Box and tree Window and column Vision Light Energy From the Environment Into the Brain The Eye Visual Information Processing Visual Organization Visual Interpretation Visible Light What we see as light is only a tiny slice of a wide spectrum of electromagnetic energy Light Energy From the Environment into the Brain Light s determines its the color we experience The or height determines the light s Visible Light Other organisms see different portions of the light spectrum For example bees cannot see red but can see ultraviolet The Eye The retina on the inner surface of the eye contains the photoreceptors rods and cones plus neurons that begin the processing of visual stimuli Light is inverted by the lens and is interpreted by the brain as upright vision The Eye The Retina Rods and Cones Rods detect blacks whites and grays and are necessary for peripheral and twilight vision Cones are clustered near the center of the retina they detect fine detail and allow color vision Light energy triggers chemical changes in the rods and cones which activate the bipolar cells These cells then activate the ganglion cells of the optic nerve which transmits the neural impulses from the eye to the brain see next slide Differences Between Rods and Cones Visual Information Processing How does the brain turn light stimuli into useful information about the world Visual Information Processing The Crossover Information from the right visual field goes to the left hemisphere information from the left visual and vice versa Feature Detection The visual cortex contains specialized feature detection cells which respond to specific features Such as edges lines and angles This information gets passed to other regions of the brain for more complex processing Brain scans can be used to figure out whether a person is looking at a shoe a chair or a face Parallel Processing The brain uses parallel processing to assign different teams of cells to simultaneously process many aspects of scene or problem Mrs M was unable to perceive motion after a stroke objects jumped from place to place Visual Organization How do we organize and interprets the shapes and colors into meaningful perceptions People have the tendency to organize pieces of information into an organized whole or gestalt The Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization Pragnanz Also called law of good figure or law of simplicity Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible Simplicity Pragnanz Similarity Similar things appear to be grouped together Similarity in interface design Good Continuation Points that when connected result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path Proximity Nearness Things that are near to each other appear to be grouped together Common Fate Things that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together Meaningfulness or Familiarity Things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful Pictorial Cues Occlusion When one object hides or partially hides another from view the object that is


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