Personality Chapter 11PersonalitySlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6The Psychoanalytic PerspectiveExploring the UnconsciousOrigins of PersonalityFreud’s View of the MindSlide 11Personality Development according to Freudian psychoanalytic theoryPsychosexual StagesUnresolved ConflictNeo-Freudians and Psychodynamic TheorySome Important Neo-FreudiansAssessing Unconscious ProcessesThe Rorschach: A Good Test?: Two Qualities of a Good Test: Reliability and ValidityEvaluating the Psychoanalytic PerspectiveEvaluating Freud: Child DevelopmentIs there a Freudian Unconscious?Unconscious Information ProcessingFinal challenge to Freud’s theory: Does it predict behavior?The Humanistic PerspectiveMaslow’s Self-Actualizing PersonSlide 26Person-Centered PerspectiveSlide 28Humanistic PerspectiveEvaluating the Humanistic PerspectiveSlide 31The Trait PerspectiveSearching for Basic Personality TraitsEysenck Personality QuestionnaireThe Big Five FactorsPowerPoint PresentationThe Social-Cognitive PerspectiveDoes Personality Change?The PersonThe SituationThe InteractionSlide 42Self-ImageThe Spotlight EffectSelf-EsteemCategories of Self-EsteemMaintaining Self-EsteemSelf-Serving BiasSelf-Serving Yet Self-CriticalCulture and the SelfSlide 51PersonalityChapter 11PersonalityThe Psychoanalytic PerspectiveExploring the UnconsciousNeo-Freudians and Psychodynamic TheoryAssessing Unconscious ProcessesEvaluating the Psychoanalytic PerspectivePersonalityThe Humanistic PerspectiveAbraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing PersonCarl Rogers’ Person-Centered PerspectiveEvaluating the Humanistic PerspectivePersonalityThe Trait PerspectiveSearching for Basic Personality TraitsThe Big Five FactorsThe Social-Cognitive PerspectiveThe PersonThe SituationThe InteractionPersonalityExploring The SelfSelf-Esteem: The Good News and the BadSelf-Serving BiasCulture and the SelfPersonality•Personality is an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and actingThe Psychoanalytic Perspective•Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) •One of the first medical practitioners to emphasize the importance of the ____________– which he considered a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.Exploring the Unconscious•Freud believed most of the mind is hidden•We ____________unacceptable desires and thoughts–He saw the unconscious seeping into dreams, jokes, slips of the tongue, and daily habits •How to get around repression roadblock: He led patients in ____________, in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassingOrigins of Personality•Freud’s theory of ____________is the search for the unconscious motives and conflicts behind our thoughts and actions•In this theory, Personality is the battleground between ____________and ____________. The battle: our efforts to satisfy biological drives and impulses, while also avoiding guilt coming from internalized social restraints.Freud’s View of the Mind•The ____________operates on the pleasure principle, striving to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives•The ____________is the conscience, representing ideals and standards internalized by society •The ____________is the “executive,” which balances the demands of id, superego, and realityFreud’s View of the MindPersonality Developmentaccording to Freudian psychoanalytic theory •Children pass through several ________________________, during which the id focuses on distinct erogenous zones•During the ____________, boys develop unconscious sexual desires for their mother, and jealousy and hatred for their father (____________complex)•By repressing these urges, children come to ____________with the rival parent, developing the superegoPsychosexual StagesUnresolved Conflict•Freud believed unresolved conflict at any stage of development could cause trouble in adulthood•____________: locking the person’s pleasure-seeking energies at the unresolved stage–Stalled at the oral stage, someone may develop an oral fixation, such as smoking or eatingNeo-Freudians and Psychodynamic Theory•________________________ Theory: a Freud-influenced perspective that sees behavior, thinking, and emotions as reflecting unconscious motives•Differences from Freud:–Placed more emphasis on the role of the conscious mind–Doubted that sex and aggression were all-consuming motivationsSome Important Neo-FreudiansAlfred AdlerCoined the term inferiority complexBelieved childhood feelings of insecurity can drive later behaviorCarl JungProposed a human collective unconscious, derived from our species’ experiences in the distant pastKaren HorneyBelieved children’s feelings of dependency give rise to helplessness and anxiety. Felt Freud’s views showed a masculine biasAssessing Unconscious Processes•To assess personality, psychodynamic practitioners might use a ____________ – an ambiguous image is designed to trigger projection of unconscious thoughts or feelingsThe Rorschach inkblot test is the most widely used projective testThe Rorschach: A Good Test?: Two Qualities of a Good Test: Reliability and Validity•____________: raters trained in different Rorschach scoring systems showed little agreement•____________: The test is not very successful at predicting behavior or discriminating between groups (e.g., who is suicidal)Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective•Freud developed his theory before we had knowledge of neurotransmitters or DNA •Much research in psychology has taken place since Freud•Do Freud’s theories fit well with new knowledge and today’s ideas about how the mind works?Evaluating Freud: Child Development•Psychologists now see development as a lifelong process, not fixed in childhood•Infant’s neural networks are probably not well developed enough to process emotional trauma as Freud suggested•We gain our gender identity earlier suggested by Oedipal complex resolution, and even without a same-sex parent present•Freud may have overestimated parent influence, underestimated peer influence in developmentIs there a Freudian Unconscious?•Current theory does not see dreams as revealing hidden unconscious wishes •Slips of the tongue are probably from competition between similar word choices in our memory network, not from unconscious wishes and urges•There is a lot of unconscious activity in the brain, but not of the sort Freud had in mind: instead of censored