Motivation and Emotion Chapter 9Motivation and EmotionSlide 3MotivationKey Perspectives on MotivationPushed by Drives, Pulled by IncentivesArousal TheoryAbraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsSpecific MotivationsHunger: A Basic NeedPhysiology of HungerHunger without PangsBody Chemistry and the BrainHunger and the HypothalamusWeight, Intake, and MetaboliamThe Psychology of HungerTaste Preference: Biology or CultureMore Adaptive Taste PreferencesObesity and Weight ControlObesitySocial Stigma of ObesityThe Losing Battle: Why Starvation Diets BackfireThe Losing BattleSlide 24Environmental InfluencesMore Environmental InfluencesNext Area of Basic Drives: The Need to BelongThe Benefits of BelongingBelonging and self-esteemWhen Belonging is Missing…The Pain of Being Shut OutSlide 32Social NetworkingMobile Networks and Social MediaSocial Effects of Social NetworkingSlide 36Issues with Social NetworkingMaintaining Balance and FocusMotivation and EmotionChapter 9Motivation and EmotionMotivational ConceptsDrive-Reduction TheoryArousal TheoryA Hierarchy of NeedsMotivation and EmotionHungerThe Physiology of HungerThe Psychology of HungerObesity and Weight ControlThe Need to BelongThe Benefits of BelongingThe Pain of Being Shut OutSocial NetworkingMotivation•Motivation describes a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior•Aron Ralston was motivated by survival needs when he cut his arm off to free himself–Basis of the film 127 HoursKey Perspectives on Motivation•Drive-reduction theory•Arousal theory•Maslow’s Hierarchy of needsPushed by Drives, Pulled by Incentives•_________________: We have an inner drive to meet physiological needs such as hunger or thirst; unsatisfied needs lead to an aroused state, which becomes feeling of motivation to reduce the craving/drive•We are also pulled by _________________, positive or negative stimuli that motivate behavior–What works as incentive depends on our individual learning historyArousal Theory•Some motivated behaviors _________________arousal–Well-fed animals will leave shelter to explore–Related to curiosity–Motivates explorers and adventurers–Those who enjoy high arousal most likely to enjoy intense music, novel foods, and risky behaviorsAbraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs•Some needs are more important than others. Basic needs must be satisfied first•Exceptions: Some people deny basic needs for self-transcendent reasons (hunger strike)Specific Motivations•Basic level: Hunger•Higher level: The need to belong•In the case of both drives/motives watch for ways that psychological incentives (“pull”) interact with physiological needs (“push”)Hunger: A Basic Need•Men started conserving energy, weight stabilized at 75% of initial weight•They became food-obsessed: talked food, daydreamed food•With this basic need unmet, they lost interest in sex and social activities: “Nobody wants to kiss when they are hungry.”Physiology of Hunger•The ‘pang’ of hunger is a _________________, sending a message heard by the brain as “time to eat!”Hunger without Pangs•Researchers removed the stomachs from rats (new path directly to small intestines)•Rats continued to eat Stomach contraction pangs are not the only source of hungerBody Chemistry and the Brain•If levels of blood _________________drops, a message is sent to the brain from the stomach, intestines, and liver to trigger hunger•The _________________: –Activity in the _________________brings on hunger and eating behavior–Activity in the _________________depresses hunger – stops eating behaviorHunger and the Hypothalamus•Destruction of the ventromedial hypothalamus disables an animal’s ability to stop feeling hungryWeight, Intake, and Metaboliam•Body has a “weight thermostat”•Animals tend to hover around _________________– a stable weight influenced in part by heredity–May not be totally fixed, depends on caloric intake and other lifestyle factors•We vary in our _________________, the resting rate of energy output–Metabolic rate drops from decreased food intakeThe Psychology of Hunger•Psychology influences eating behavior•Memory of the last meal eaten–Patients without ability to form new memories ate three lunches 20 minutes apart, unaware they had already eaten•Environmental stimuli matter–We eat more when given larger containers, bigger servings, and more varietyTaste Preference:Biology or Culture•Preferences for ______ and _tastes are universal and genetic•Other taste preferences are influenced by culture and experience•Survival/adaptive strategy: we avoid certain foods if they are unfamiliar or if we got sick after eating themMore Adaptive Taste Preferences•It may be adaptive to learn to prefer some tastes •In hot climates, recipes often use spices that inhibit the growth of bacteria•Food dislikes (and nausea) peak at 10th week of pregnancy, when developing embryo is most vulnerable to toxinsObesity and Weight Control•We evolved to deal with periods of scarce food: we eat fats and sugar, and store this as fat, and slow down metabolism (harder to lose weight).•This is no longer adaptive, leads to obesity, if experiencing scarcity followed by fat and sugar (more available in modern world)•In the USA, 34% of all adults are obeseObesity•U.S. guidelines encouage BMI < 25•WHO defines obesity as BMI > 30*703meters)in (Height poundsin Weight BMI22meters)in (Height kgin Weight BMI *(conversion factor, for inches, kg, meter, etc)Social Stigma of Obesity•Obese people may be stereotyped as slow, lazy, and sloppy•Wider people are rated as looking less sincere, less friendly, meaner, and more obnoxious•Women who are obese make an average of _________less per year than equally qualified non-obese women•Weight discrimination is found at every stage of the employment cycleThe Losing Battle: Why Starvation Diets BackfireStudy: Severely restricting calories starting on day 8 causes some weight loss but metabolism slows down starting day 9, which limits the weight loss•_________ _________– our bodies are designed to survive periods of famine•_________ _________– fat takes fewer calories to maintain than other tissue, and can shrink and swell, but rarely disappearThe Losing BattleThe effects of a severe diet on obese patientsThe Losing Battle•A genetic handicap: obesity is _________ _________. Identical twins are more similar in weight