PowerPoint PresentationDefining GenderGender Similarities and DifferencesGender Differences in AggressionGender and Social PowerGender Differences and Social ConnectednessThe Nature of Gender: Our BiologyBiological Influence on Gender: GenesBiological Influence on Gender: Prenatal DevelopmentBiological Influence on Gender: Brain DifferencesSexual DifferentiationThe Nature of Gender: Our CultureTransgendered IndividualsHow do we learn to be male or female?Theories of Gender TypingHuman SexualityHormones and Sexual BehaviorSlide 18The Sexual Response CycleSexually Transmitted InfectionsLess Sex, More PregnancyThe Psychology of SexExternal StimuliImagined StimuliSexual OrientationSlide 26Slide 27Slide 28Environment and Sexual OrientationSame-Sex Attraction in Other SpeciesBiology and Sexual OrientationGay-Straight Brain DifferencesGenetic Influence on Sexual OrientationBiology of Sexual Orientation: Prenatal EnvironmentGay-Straight DifferencesSlide 36An Evolutionary Explanation of Human SexualityEvolutionary PsychologyMating PreferencesGender Differences in SexualityNatural Selection & Mating PreferencesCritiquing the Evolutionary PerspectiveEvolutionary Psychologists ReplyGender and SexualityChapter 4Defining Gender•Your biological sex is the basis for defining your ________, the characteristics our society defines as male or female•How are the two genders alike?•How are they different?•How much does biology play a role in gender characteristics?Gender Similarities and Differences•Men and women are alike: –No differences in __________ or __________. Of the 46 chromosomes, 45 are unisex•There are also many differences. Examples:– Age of puberty, lifespan, body fat, muscle mass, height.–Women are more __________, more __________, more prone to depression and anxiety–Men are more prone to __________, __________, color-blindness, autism, and __________Gender Differences in AggressionMen express themselves and behave in more aggressive ways than do women. This gender gap in (physical) aggression appears in many cultures and at various ages. •Men are arrested for murder ___ times more than women in the US•Fighting, warring, and hunting are primarily __________ activities throughout the worldGender and Social Power•In most societies, __________ are socially dominant and are perceived as such.•In 2009, men accounted for ___ of the seats in the world’s governing parliaments.•Men tend to be more directive and authoritarian, women more democratic•With age, these gender differences tend to __________Gender Differences and Social Connectedness•Young and old, women are more concerned with __________ __________ with people than are men.•Men enjoy doing activities __________ and talk to others to communicate solutions•Women enjoy talking __________ , and often talk to explore relationships. As friends, women talk more often and more openlyThe Nature of Gender: Our Biology•Biology influences gender in two ways: 1. __________, through differing sex chromosomes2. __________, from different concentrations of sex hormones•__________ __________ : the study of how our behavior and mind have changed in adaptive ways over time through the process of natural selectionBiological Influence on Gender: Genes•Your sex was determined by your father’s contribution the the 23rd pair of chromosomes – the sex chromosomes–X chromosomes are found in both men and women. Females have two, men have an X and a Y.–Y chromosomes are found only in malesBiological Influence on Gender: Prenatal Development•At about the __ week after conception, the Y chromosome causes the testes to develop and to produce __________ , the most important male sex hormone. •Key period: __________ and __________ prenatal months–Sex hormones bathe the fetal brain and influence its wiring–High fetal testosterone can produce females with more masculine muscular and skeletal featuresBiological Influence on Gender: Brain Differences•Part of frontal lobe, used for verbal fluency, is thicker in __________ •Part of parietal cortex, used for space perception, is thicker in __________Sexual DifferentiationSexual differentiation is not only biological, but also psychological and social.However, genes and hormones play a very important role in defining gender, especially in altering the brain and influencing gender differences as a result.The Nature of Gender: Our Culture•Our culture shapes our __________ — expectations of how men and women are supposed to behave.•Gender roles can smooth social relationships, and vary from culture to culture__________ — one’s sense of being male or female.Transgendered Individuals•Some individuals are transgendered – their gender identity feels mismatched with their biological sex•Stu Rassmussen, the mayor of Silverton, Oregon, is openly transgenderedHow do we learn to be male or female?•__________ __________ proposes that we learn gender behavior like any other behavior—reinforcement, punishment, and observation.•However, social learning may not fully explain __________ – some children are more attuned than others to traditional gender roles •Children form __________ __________ at an early age – frameworks for understanding male-female characteristicsTheories of Gender TypingHuman SexualitySexual MotivationThe Physiology of SexThe Psychology of SexHormones and Sexual Behavior•__________ : main male sex hormone•__________ : main female sex hormones•Sex hormones are important at several stages: –During __________ , they direct development as males or females–During __________ , a surge in sex hormones ushers us into adolescence–As adults, sex hormones help activate sexual behaviorHormones and Sexual Behavior•High estrogen levels (injected or with ovulation) go with __________ sexual receptivity •Human females with partners have increased sexual initiative behavior around __________ •Men’s __________ levels increased when exposed to the scent of an ovulating woman or during social encounters with females•Restoring testosterone levels in women (after removal of ovaries) can restore sexual desireThe Sexual Response Cycle•Masters and Johnson (1960s) identified a four-stage sexual response cycle: •1. •2. •3. •4. Men then enter a __________ __________ , a resting period during which they cannot achieve another orgasmSexually Transmitted Infections•Rates of STIs (aka STDs) are __________