Ch 13 Social Psychology – Guided Notes Part II Social Behavior: • ___________ behavior: behavior intended to ________ others – Bonobos – model of pro-social behavior • __________ behavior: behavior intended to ________ others – Chimpanzees – model of anti-social behavior Neutral Behavior (? Probably bordering on negative/antisocial) • Failure to act… • More likely to act when ________ than when you are in a group • Bystander Nonintervention – Kitty Genovese – _____________ ignorance – Diffusion of responsibility • Bystander effect: not helping when someone is in need Bystander Nonintervention: • When do people actually help? • Lab studies: – Willingness to help was affected _____________ by… – …the _____________ of others! – More likely to help when alone Why don’t we help when in a group? • ____________ of responsibility – Less responsible when other people present • Pluralistic ___________ – “If nobody else is reacting, it must not be an emergency” Prosocial helpAntisocial harmalonePluralistic negativelypresenceDiffusionIgnoranceSocial Loafing: • What happens in group projects? • Social loafing – When people slack and do less work in a group • Diffusion of responsibility Prosocial Behavior • ______________: helping others for unselfish reasons • Altruism study – volunteering to take the place of a woman receiving electric shocks. Factors that influence helping: • Situational factors: – Can’t escape the situation – Who needs help (old man vs. drunk) – Good mood – Exposure to role models – Are you in a hurry? – _______________________ effect: learning about psych research can change your behavior • Other factors: – Lower need for social approval – Extraversion vs. introversion – Training/skill set Aggression: Why we hurt others • Aggression: behavior intended to harm others, verbally or physically Altruism Enlightenment• Situational influences: – Interpersonal provocation – aggressive towards those who provoke us – Frustration – prevented from reaching a goal – Media – observational learning (Bobo doll study) – Aggressive cues – guns and knives – Arousal – being “hyped up” – Alcohol and drugs – disinhibition – Temperature • Other influences: – Personality: high negative emotionality, low impulse control, lack of close relationships – Sex differences: boys more than girls (for physical and direct aggression) • May be due to _______________ or socialization • Girls engage in more ____________ aggression: an indirect form of aggression involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation Beliefs and Attitudes • Belief – Conclusion regarding _________ evidence – Ex: believing that the Earth is round • Attitude – Belief with an ___________ component – Ex: political issues like abortion • Only .38 corr. between attitudes and behavior – Frequently, we behave against our attitudes testeronerelationalfactualemotionalWhen do attitudes predict behavior? • Highly ________________ attitudes predict behavior – Accessible: attitudes that come to mind easily (remember the availability heuristic?) – Eg: How do you feel about partying on Friday nights? – Eg: How do you feel about having a cookie after your meal once a week? • Self-monitoring plays a role – Extent to which people try to ________________ to social expectations • High self-monitoring – Social chameleons – Low corr. btw attitudes and behavior • Low self-monitoring – Do what they want – Higher corr btw attitudes and behavior How are attitudes formed? • ______________ heuristic – Choose things because we recognize them – Brand names • Messenger characteristics – More likely to like a message if a famous or attractive person gives it – ___________________: we like messengers who are similar to us – Ex: endorsements How are attitudes changed? • Cognitive ________________ theory – We want to avoid conflict between _____________/beliefs – We change attitudes to avoid these conflicts accessibleconformRecognition (Apple, Fruit Loops)Implicit EgotismDisonnancethoughtsA contradicts B1. Change A2. Change B3. Introduce C• Cognitions A and B, contradict each other: example • A: My friend Mike is a good guy • B: Mike wrecked my car • Change A: Mike is NOT a good guy • Change B: Someone else wrecked my car • Invoke C: Mike had a bit too much to drink and made a mistake we all make Persuasion • Persuasion: the ability to influence another’s behavior • Dual process theory: there are two alternative pathways to persuading others – _________________ route: careful and deliberate thought – Peripheral route: snap judgments, surface aspects of an argument – Most ads use the peripheral route to persuasion Persuasion Techniques • Foot in the door – Get agreement to a _________ request, then make a large request – Example: • Small: “Hey, can I get a ride with you?” • Larger: “While we’re driving, can we stop by the grocery store?” • Door in the face – Ask for a large request that the person will deny, then ask for a smaller request – Example: • Too large: “Hey, can you loan me 20 bucks?” • Smaller: “Oh, well can you give me 50 cents?” – Guilt from 1st request motivates compliance Centralsmall• Low-ball – Add things to initial request after compliance – Example: • After purchasing a car, the salesman says: “Oh yeah, I forgot to tell you, you have to pay extra for these accessories” Prejudice and Discrimination • Stereotypes: positive or negative beliefs about the characteristics of a member of a group that is generalized to most members of the group • _____________ attribution error: the mistake of attributing the negative behavior of other _____________ as being part of their dispositions • “Most people of race X are unsuccessful and many are on social security because they are lazy.” • “More people of race Y are in prison because people of race Y are inherently violent” • Prejudice: