Ch#13#Soc ia l#Psychology#–#Guid ed#Note s #Outline:)• Humans)as)a)social)species)• Conformity)and)obedience)• Helping)and)harming)others)• Beliefs)and)attitudes)• Prejudice)and)discrimination))We#are#a#SOCIAL#SPECIES:#• As)hominids)in)Africa,)we)evolved)in)relatively)small)so c ia l)g r o u p s )• We)still)do)this)today)• ___________)=)app ro x .)s iz e )o f)most)human)s o c ia l)g roups))Need‐to‐belong#theory:)humans)ha v e )a )b i o lo g ic a lly )b a s e d )n e e d)for)inte rp e r so nal)connection )• Social)rejection)_________)literally)an d)figurativ e ly )– When)you’re)excluded,)it)activates)the)same)parts)of)the)brain)as)when)you)experience)physical)pain)Evolutionary#factors#)• Social)_________________)processe s)( c o n formity,)o b e dience))g e n e r a lly )s e rv e )u s )____________)• Problems)occur)when)we)accept)them)unquestioningly)Social#Comparison#Theory:#• Leon)Festinger)(1954):)We)evaluate)our)beliefs,)attitudes,)and)abilities)by)_________________)them)to)oth ers)• ________________#social#c o mparison:)whe n )we)com pare)ou rs e lv e s)with)people)wh o )s e e m)superior)to)us)in)some)way)(sports,)etc.))• ________________#social#c o mparison:)whe n )we)com pare)ou rs e lv e s)with)people)wh o )s e e m)inferior)to)u s)in )so me)way)150Why do we feel the need to socialize? hurtsinfluencewellcomparingUpwardDownwardSocial#Facilitation#and#Disruption:)• Social#facilitation)– Presence)of)others)_________________))a)perso n ’s)perform a nce)– Usually)___________)tasks)• Social#disru p t io n )– Presence)of)others)__________________)a)person’s)perf o rmance )– Usually)_____________)tasks)AND)wh e n )in e x p e r ie n c e d ))Evaluating)others:)• Attributions)– Assigning)a)__________________)to)a)beh a v ior)– Causes)can)be)internal)( ______________________ )))• Examples:)– …or)external)(environmental)or)______________________))• Examples:)• Fundamental)Attribution)Error:)Tendency)to)__________________))______________)causes )over)external)causes)in)others’)behavio r)• Opposite)is)true)with)ourselves:)Overestimate)________________)factors)– Examples:))• Cultural)differences)– Japanese)an d)C hin ese )cultu res)less )likely)to)give )intern al)attrib utio ns )th a n )a r e )A merican s ))SOCIAL#INFLUENCE:#)______________________:)chang in g)yo u r)b e ha v ior )in)th e )pr es en c e)o f)a )gro u p ))improveseasyreducesdifficultcausepsychologicalMary failed her test because she is lazy situationalMary failed her test because it was too difficult "Have you ever noticed how anyone driving faster than you is a maniac and anyone driving slower than you is a moron"overestimateexternalexternalIdentify:Steve arrives late for class, delaying the start of the test and upsetting everyone. When asked why, he explains that he was in a car accident (external)he was was at fault (Internal)he was on drugs (Internal)Because someone else put something in his drink last time (External)while he was out drinking the night before the test (Internal)Steve is lying about all of this (Internal)Conformity• Asch#Experiment:))• Used)______________________#:#Researchers)impersonating)subjects)• Line)judgments)• Confederates)went)first:)gave)wrong)answers)• Subject)gave)wrong)answers)afterward))Deindividuation:#• Acting)differently)when)_____________________)• Examples:))• Stanford)Prison)Experiment)(read )))Take)Home)Message:)____________)control)b e havior,)n o t)persona li ty )o r)c h oices))Problems)with)the)Stanford)Prison)Exp:)• Demand)characteristics)(prisoners)wanted )to )behave )lik e )p r is o n e rs )a n d )g u a r d s )lik e )g u a rd s )because)they)thought)the)experimenters)wanted)them)to))• Attempted)replication)did)not)get)same)results)However,)still)a)useful)demonstration)thought)not)a)well)controlled)experiment.))))_________________________:)adherence )t o )in s tr u c tio ns)from )h ig h e r)i n )a u thority)(te a c h e r,)p a r e n t,)boss))– Essential)for)society)to)function)properly)• Doing)what)authority)figures)tell)us)can)have)horrible)consequences)– Examples:)the)My)Lai)massacre)and)the)Holocaust)confederatesConformity affected by:Unanimity of the groupDifferences in the AnswerSize of the groupExpression of answeranonymousBeing invisible for a dayYou don't need a mask for deindivduation Was meant to be 2 weeks, stopped after 6 daysAbuse of prisoners: forced push ups, forced stripping, ectEmotional disturbances (Hunger strike, depression)Roles ObedienceMilgram)Experiment)(shocks).))• Subjects)were)deceived)– Told)it)was)a)test)on)learning)– Subjects)played)teacher)ask)que s tio ns)to)a)lea r n e r)( confede ra te ) )• Gave)shocks)for)wron g)a nswers )• No)actual)shocks)were)given)• Confederate)mentions)beforehand)that)he)had)a)heart)condition)– 75)volts)• “Ugh”)– 330)volts)• “Get)me)out)of)here!”)– Subject)wants)to)stop)• Experimenter:)“It#is#essential#that#you #con tinu e”)Many)people)did!))Factors)affecting)obedience:)• More)“psychological)distance”)between)the)“teacher”)and)the)experimenter)led)to)______________)obed ie nce)– Example:)experimenter)gives)instructions)over)the)phone)• More)“psychological)distance”)between)the)“teacher”)and)the)“learner”)led)to)______________)obedience)– Example:)teacher)tells)someone)else)to)give)the)shocks)Take)Home)Message:)• Social)influence)processes)like)conformity)and)obedience)can)be)both)____________)and)____________________)• Don’t)follow)blindly,)ask)questions)and)speak)up)when)you)see)something)that’s)not)right,)even)if)your)opin io n )is)in )th e)minority)Who obeys and who disobeysMiligram: Obedient and disobedient participants similar on most personality