Learning Chapter 6Definition: LearningLearningSlide 4How Do We Learn?Classical ConditioningSlide 7Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Classic ExperimentSlide 9Slide 10Conditioning ProcessesAcquisitionSlide 13Extinction and Spontaneous RecoveryGeneralizationSlide 16DiscriminationPavlov’s LegacyOperant ConditioningOperant ConditioningB. F. Skinner’s ExperimentsReinforcement for the IndividualShaping BehaviorTypes of ReinforcersWays to Increase BehaviorSlide 26Reinforcement SchedulesPartial Reinforcement Schedules for Operant ConditioningSchedules of ReinforcementPunishmentSlide 31Physical Punishment for Children: Why Not?Physical Punishment for ChildrenApplications of Operant ConditioningSome fun examplesAdvertising and ConditioningHow are operant and classical conditioning different?LearningChapter 6Definition: Learning•“Learning” is defined in psychology as ‘a relatively permanent _______________ as a result of experience.LearningHow Do We Learn?Classical ConditioningPavlov’s ExperimentsPavlov’s LegacyLearningOperant ConditioningSkinner’s ExperimentsSkinner’s LegacyContrasting Classical & Operant ConditioningHow Do We Learn?•By linking events that occur close together, humans and other animals exhibit _______________ learning. •This process of learning associations is called conditioning. •There is also _______________ learning, the acquisition of mental information by observing events, watching others, or through language.Classical Conditioning•A _______________ is an event or situation that evokes a response. •In classical conditioning, we learn to associate two stimuli; the _______________ response to one stimulus becomes the _______________ response to the other.Classical ConditioningThis woman has now been conditioned to have a negative response to the flash of light, even before or without the loud noise.Classical Conditioning: Pavlov’s Classic ExperimentClassical Conditioning•The neutral stimulus (NS) elicits no response before conditioning.•The unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus which triggers a reflex (automatic response, UR) without conditioning.•The conditioned stimulus (CS) is an originally neutral stimulus that, after association with a US, comes to trigger a CR.Classical Conditioning•The unconditioned response (UR) is an unlearned, natural response to a US•The conditioned response (CR) is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (CS). It is the same action as the unconditioned response, except that it is now triggered by the formerly neutral stimulus (now CS).Conditioning Processes•Pavlov and his associates identified five major conditioning processes: •1.•2. •3. •4. •5.Acquisition•Acquisition is the first stage in classical conditioning – where a NS is linked with a US that the NS begins triggering the CSWhy are our bodies set up to be conditioned?Classical conditioning helps us prepare for good and bad events. This is why the neutral stimulus must happen first for conditioning to occur; it is the event we use as a warning for the bad, a clue that helps us find the good!AcquisitionExtinction and Spontaneous Recovery•If, following acquisition, the CS occurs repeatedly without the US, it can lead to _______________ , the weakening of the CR.•After a delay (a few hours more), however, the CS may elicit a _______________ of a (weakened) CRGeneralization•_______________ : after conditioning, an organism may respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the CS•This can be adaptive, but also have lingering effects–A child scared by a red car learns to avoid stepping in front of all vehicles.Generalization•Child abuse can lead to general hypersensitivity to the faces of any angry person, not just their abusers.Discrimination•Organisms also learn to _______________ , or distinguish, between a CS and other stimuli. •Consider your responses to a guard dog and a guide dog: would they both make your heart pound with fear?”Pavlov’s Legacy1. Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many other creatures–This is one way that virtually all animals learn to adapt to their environment2. A process such as learning can be studied objectivelyOperant Conditioning •Classical conditioning involves _______________ , an automatic response to a stimulus•Operant conditioning involves _______________ behavior, which operates on the environment, producing consequences•Consequences: _______________ following a behavior strengthen it (make that behavior more likely to happen again), and _______________ following a behavior weaken that response (make it less likely to recur.Operant Conditioning(a) Response: (b) Consequence: (c) Behavior stregthened Balancing a ball Receiving FoodB. F. Skinner’s Experiments•Skinner designed an operant chamber (aka Skinner Box) – a box with a recording device to track how often an animal presses a bar to obtain _______________ – any event or other consequence that strengthens the behavior it follows.Reinforcement for the Individual•What is reinforcing to one individual?•Can vary by situation – a cold drink is reinforcing if you are hot, but not if you are coldShaping Behavior•_______________ : gradually guiding actions closer and closer toward a desired behavior, using reinforcement.•Using _______________ _______________ , one rewards responses that are ever-closer to the desired behavior.•Through continued shaping we can find the limits of animals’ ability to discriminate among colors, smells, sounds.Types of Reinforcers•_______________ reinforcement: (+, adding) anything that strengthens a response when presented after the response (e.g., a food reward)•_______________ reinforcement: (-, taking away) anything that, when removed, strengthens a response (e.g., stopping a shock). Note: NOT a punishmentWays to Increase BehaviorTypes of Reinforcers•A _______________ reinforcer is innately reinforcing (e.g., giving food when hungry, or alleviating a headache).•A _______________ (secondary) reinforcer gains its reinforcing power through links with a primary reinforcer.•Most organisms require _______________ reinforcement, but humans can also use _______________ reinforcement (e.g., the paycheck at the end of the week).Reinforcement Schedules•_______________ reinforcement – reinforcing desired response every time it occurs–Learning occurs rapidly, but so does