ARTH 1380 1ST Edition Lecture 24 Outline of Last Lecture - Roots of Rome- Changes in Republic- Housing- Concrete constructionOutline of Current Lecture - Roman arch- Architectural buildings- Roman portraits- Start of Octavian (Augustus) reign- Julius Caesar Forum- Augustus of PrimaportaCurrent Lecture- The Romans did not invent arch but used it in architecture- The specially used it for concrete interior design- The barrel vault would be the arch covering a passageway- It works well but it is difficult to cut windows into it, it can only have small windows- They would use the groin vault which was x-shape of two crossing vaults - It was good because the weight would be channeled down- Also you can have light come in at the top half arch there is open space- The sanctuary of Fortuna is a sanctuary in the countryside with a series of ramps and stair cases- It looks like a classical traditional building - The building is very aged an has sculptures- The temple of Portunus is very accessible to people - The design is of post and lintel made of stone and looks similar to Greek temples almost seems like it has an ionic order- The republic period portraits were hyper realistic meaning they are exaggerated realistic- The portrait sculptures were detailed and even showed wrinkles- The elders would have thoughtful expressions- The portrait head of an elder is bald and serious seems like a hardworking guy- The portrait of Pompey the Great you can see the wrinkles has exaggerated qualities- He does not look worried the hair is wavy and looks similar to Alexander the Great whichis what he wants the people to make the connection of him with Alexander- He is changing point of views turning to Hellenistic ideals- Pompey took control of the government in and made himself dictator in 70 BCEThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Julius Caesar invaded after a victorious military campaign and started a war against Pompey which he won and made himself dictator for life- Caesar overreached and was assassinated on the Ides of March in 44 BCE- After Caesar’s assassination Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidus form a triumvirite of power but Lepidus was soon taken out - Octavian was Caesar’s nephew that he adopted as his son and became Caesar and was left a lot of money from his uncle- The triumvirite were successful in hunting down Caesar’s assassins and got rid of them and that is how they rose to power- Antony and Octavian do not get along and at first split power they after struggled for complete power and had the Battle of Actium in 31BCE which Octavian comes out as thevictor- Octavian was a savvy man and turned the public opinion against Antony saying that he left his wife for a foreign queen which was Cleopatra and this helped him win the battle- Octavian takes the title princeps which means first citizen instead of dictator that way heseems more like a regular citizen versus a king- He does not change the government just makes sure that he holds the power without changing anything- Later he was given the title Augustus which means the revered one and ruled until 14 ADhe was considered the first emperor of Rome- He gains power and tried to find a way to pass this power down dynastically - There were very clear signals that this was an empire but Octavian tried to play a double game so he would not be accused of having too much power - The double game is that he has absolute power but never says it as so he makes sure to have Julius Caesar seen as a god so it looks like his power was passed down from a god- Julius Caesar was building a forum that had Hellenistic style but was killed before it was finished Octavian makes sure that it is finished and makes sure that he building exhibits Caesar as divine he has his forum built there too close so the connection is made with him and Caesar he also has portraits of important people so that he is connected to them- Octavian is taken with high classical Greek style- The sculpture of Augustus of Primaporta it is a portrait similar to high classical style - It is probably a marble copy- Compared to Doryphoros it has the similar exaggerated stance and muscular structure he also has a similar tilt in the head - His gesture looks like a military leader addressing troops - He employs media to get positive attention and uses visual culture to send message- He is barefoot like the gods- The baby adds divinity to the figure - He is covered with symbols that represent victoryKey Termsbarrel vault- arch covering a passagewaygroin vault- was x-shape of two crossing vaultsAugustus- first