PSYCH 100 Crosby Chapter 5 Learning LEARNING LEARNING a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice THINK OF SOMETHING NEW YOU HAVE LEARNED TO DO RECENTLY HOW DID YOU LEARN TO DO IT THINK OF SOMETHING YOU HAVEN T DONE FOR A WHILE CAN YOU STILL DO IT ARE YOU AS GOOD AT IT PAVLOV S CLASSICAL CONDITIONING CLASSICAL CONDITIONING learning to make an involuntary reflex response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex REFLEX REPRESENTS INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE NOT IN CONTROL OF THE PERSON UNCONDITIONED UNLEARNED UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS UCS naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response In Pavlov s experiment it was the food UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE UCR involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus Salivation NEUTRAL STIMULUS NS stimulus that has no effect on the desired response CONDITIONED STIMULUS CS stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus PSYCH 100 Crosby Bell which was originally neutral was paired with the food and became conditioned stimulus CONDITIONED RESPONSE CR learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus salivation to the bell BASIC PRINCIPLES IN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING MUST BE MET FOR THIS TO BE EFFECTIVE 1 CS MUST COME BEFORE UCS BELL MUST COME BEFORE FOOD 2 CS AND UCS MUST BE PAIRED CLOSELY IN TIME 3 PAIRING MUST OCCUR SEVERAL TIMES 4 STIMULUS THAT REPRESENTS CS MUST BE DISTINCTIVE UNIQUE AND NOT USUALLY IN ENVIRONMENT STIMULUS GENERALIZATION TENDENCY TO RESPOND WITH CONDITIONED RESPONSE TO STIMULUS THAT IS ONLY SIMILAR TO ORIGINAL CONDITIONED STIMULUS WEAKER RESPONSE WHEN DEVIATING FURTHER FROM CONDITIONED STIMULUS STIMULUS DISCRIMINATION TENDENCY TO STOP MAKING GENERALIZED RESPONSE BECAUSE THE SIMILAR CONDITIONED STIMULUS WAS NEVER PAIRED WITH UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS EXTINCTION disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the absence of the unconditioned stimulus Acquisition CS US Extinction CS alone reacquisition CS US SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY REAPPEARANCE OF A LEARNED RESPONSE AFTER EXTINCTION HAS OCCURRED PSYCH 100 Crosby HIGHER ORDER CONDITIONING occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus causing the neutral stimulus to become second conditioned stimulus won t be as strong and will be extinguished more easily EXAMPLE Bell with snap NS GRANDMA UCS PLAY TOYS FOOD UCR PLEASANT FEELINGS CS GRANDMA CR PLEASANT FEELINGS GRANDMA WEARS A DISTINCTIVE PERFUME PERFUME SECOND HIGHER ORDER STIMULUS GRANDMA PLEASANT FEELINGS WHAT ARE SOME OTHER EXAMPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING EXPERIENCED BY HUMANS CONDITIONED EMOTIONAL RESPONSE LITTLE ALBERT ADVERTISING DORITOS VICARIOUS CONDITIONING WAITING IN LINE FOR SHOTS CONDITIONED TASTE AVERSION DEVELOPMENT OF A NAUSEA OR AVERSIVE RESPONSE TO A PARTICULAR TASTE BECAUSE THAT TASTE WAS FOLLOWED BY A NAUSEA REACTION OCCURING AFTER ONLY ONE ASSOCIATION DOESN T HAVE TO BE AS CLOSELY PAIRED RELATED TO BELOW BIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS tendency of animals to learn certain associations with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learning WHY DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING WORK PSYCH 100 Crosby PAVLOV BELIEVED CONDITIONED STIMULUS THROUGH ITS ASSOCIATION CLOSE IN TIME WITH THE UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS CAME TO ACTIVATE THE SAME PLACE IN THE ANIMAL S BRAIN CALLED THIS PROCESS STIMULUS SUBSTITUTION THAT WAS ORIGINALLY ACTIVATED BY THE UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS HE IS NOT REALLY SUPPORTED LOGICALLY BECAUSE BEING PRESENTED WITH UCS FIRST DOES NOT WORK COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE EXPECTANCY THAT WHEN CS IS PRESENTED UCS WILL SHORTLY FOLLOW SHOCK OF RATS WITH TONE OPERANT CONDITIONING OPERANT ANY BEHAVIOR THAT IS VOLUNTARY CONDITIONING the learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses Depends on what happens after the response THORNDIKE S LAW OF EFFECT RESPONSES FOLLOWED BY PLEASURABLE CONSEQUENCES ARE REPEATED UNPLEASURABLE ONES ARE NOT CAT PUZZLE EXAMPLE B F SKINNER STUDIED OBSERVABLE MEASURABLE BEHAVIOR OPERANT VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR LEARNING DEPENDS ON CONSEQUENCES EX PIGEON IN SKINNER BOX REINFORCEMENT any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur again PSYCH 100 Crosby PRIMARY REINFORCER Reinforcer meeting a basic biological need or drive SECONDARY REINFORCER Reinforcing via pairing with a primary reinforcer Paycheck used to get primary reinforcer like food POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT Addition of a pleasurable stimulus to increase behavior e g money for good grades praise for being nice to brother NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT Removal escape or avoidance of aversive stimulus to increase behavior Don t have to do chores for good grades COMPARING CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING TABLE 5 1 IN BOOK REINFORCEMENT SCHEDULES DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PARTIAL AND CONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT PARTIAL NOT ALL BEHAVIOR IS ALWAYS REINFORCED MORE DIFFICULT TO SUPRESS OR GET RID OF CONTINUOUS BETTER WHEN ESTABLISHING NEW BEHAVIORS BECAUSE THERE IS REINFORCEMENT FOR EACH TIME DESCRIBE THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERVAL AND RATIO SCHEDULES INTERVAL CONCERNED WITH AMOUNT OF TIME PASSED BETWEEN LAST REINFORCEMENT RATIO CONCERNED WITH NUMBER OF RESPONSES HOW IS REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED IN EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT PSYCH 100 Crosby FIXED RATIO SAME NUMBER OF DESIRED RESPONSES REQUIRED DOESN T CHANGE EX MAKING WIDGETS AND GETTING PAID FOR EVERY SO MANY RAPID RESPONSE RATE WITH SHORT PAUSES VARIABLE RATIO NUMBER OF RESPONSES REQUIRED VARIES FOR EACH EVENT EX SLOT MACHINE RAPID RATE WITHOUT PAUSES MOST POWERFUL METHOD IN TERMS OF RATE OF RESPONSES FIXED INTERVAL ALWAYS SAME TIME BEFORE REINFORCEMENT OPPORTUNITY REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED AFTER FIRST CORRECT RESPONSE IN SET AMOUNT OF TIME EX FLOSSING BEFORE DENTAL VISIT STUDY HABITS FOR EXAM SCALLOP PATTERN OF RESPONSES NOT AS MUCH VARIABLE INTERVAL REINFORCEMENT POSSIBILITIES AFTER VARYING AMOUNTS OF TIME EX FISHING MEDIUM RATE OF RESPONSES BUT IT IS CONSISTENT PUNISHMENT any event or object that when following a response makes that response less likely to happen again Decrease in behavior POSITIVE PUNISHMENT PUNISHMENT BY APPLICATION ADDITION OF UNPLEASANT STIMULUS MORE CHORES NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT PUNISHMENT BY REMOVAL REMOVAL OF PLEASURABLE STIMULUS TAKING AWAY CAR KEYS PSYCH 100 Crosby EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT AND POSITIVE NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT TABLE 5
View Full Document
Unlocking...