MotivationChapter 10Motivation: process that causes the movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situatioDrive: internal state that arises in response to a needInstinct: unlearned characteristic patterns of respondingHomeostasis: bodys need to maintain balance – temperature-fluids,etcIntrinsic vs. Extrinsic Motivation: doing something because you enjoy it vs. doing something because you get a reward – we go to work to get paid (extrinsically motivated) BUT if you love your job, you go because you love it and you get paid (intrinsically and extrinsically motivated).Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Draw your pyramid here:Self Actualization needs (means you spend time on causes outside of yourself) Ex: Bill Gates- gives a lot back to societyEsteem NeedsBelongingness and Love NeedsSafety NeedsPhysiological Needs- So once one need is met, we can move onto the next need (when poor, you don’t worry about self esteem, youworry about meeting the needs of nutrition, (food), etc)Motives to EatSet Point: genetically influenced weight range that you will stay at when not trying to gain or lose weightVaries about 10% in both directions- set point of 150 pounds = 135 to 165› Basal Metabolism: rate at which body burns calories, when you are doing absolutely nothing- fixed number of fat cells- high metabolism = burns a lot of calories at rest› Hormones also influence the set point- women carry more body fat then men in order to have babies- estrogen keeps more fat, testosterone burns more› Heritability of set point is .4 to .7 in twin studiesDebate: psychological factors contribute to hunger and physical changes can alter our set point (athletescould be under weight).Controlling our eatingBrain is #1 organ in determining hunger- these hormones/chemicals communicate with the hypothalamus› Leptin: a hormone that decreases appetite- supposed to be secreted when FULL- tells hypothalamus to tell you to stop eating- LEPTIN is in some weight loss pills put it doesn’t work on humans because we are really good at ignoring it› Insulin: tells hypothalamus when to eat/not eat- hormone that lowers glucose and stores energyas fats› Glucose: sugar that cells require for energy- abundance of sugar is a problem> Ghrelin- hunger arousing hormone emitted by an empty stomach- hormone emitted by the stomach when we are hungry- tells you when tummy is empty- we can ignore this tooObesity EpidemicBMI (Body Mass Index): measure of weight relative to heightMore than 50% of American adults and 25% of children are overweight or obese according to the BMI chart› BMI not always a good measure of “healthy” and not suitable for body builders or certain athletes- muscle weighs a lot – other measures such as hip to waist ratio may be better indicator of health- generally people who carry most wait in their hip section are not healthy- increase risk for heart disease, etcSpeculative Causes of obesity epidemic:1. Abundance of fast food= cheap2. National portion size3. Soda or pop”4. Non-food, food items (McD’s chicken nuggets, hot dogs, twinkies, any ingrediants that you cant pronounce)Evolution determines that we gain weight when food is abundant, but does not have a comparable mechanism for losing weightCulture can determine when, what and how much we eatCulture determines what is an “ideal” bodyEating DisordersAnorexia Nervosa- underweight by 10-15% (of lowest healthy BMI)- usually achieved by a severe restriction in diet and excessive excersize- distorted body perception- usually begins in adolescence- almost always female (1-4% of females ages 12-40 will have anorexia) – deadliest mental illness on the planet ****Eating Disorders -Bulimia Nervosa- maintain a normal body weight- binging (thousands of calories in one sitting) and purging in food- cant look at someone and know they are bulimic, they will look normal- normal weight- purging consist of self-induced vomiting, laxatives and/or excessive exercise- history of weight problems and issues in the past- feeling out of control when binging- may hoard food and/or their vomitMotives to Love:Passionate Love vs. Companionate Love- passionate love lasts about 2 years-Biological similarities between romantic love and mother-infant bond› Same neurotransmitters and hormones are activated in the mom-baby bond and in the adult love bond› Same areas of the brain are activated when mom looks at pictures of baby and when adult lovers look at pictures of each otherAttachment Theory› Secure: rarely jealous, don’t fear abandonment› Anxious-Ambivalent: agitate, worried about abandonment› Avoidant: distrusting, avoid closenessYour attachment to your primary caregivers will govern your attachment in adult love relationshipsHarville Hendricks: “Getting the Love You Want”Motives for SexAlfred Kinsey: (1950s) pioneering work on human sexuality (survey research)- people were engaging in behaviorsthat most thought were “taboo”- women are sexual too-Masters and Johnson: (1960s)sexual laboratories› Mapped out the physiology of sex and orgasm› Asserted that female and male sexuality is equal› May have a problem with their sample of research subjectsSexual Response Cycle1. Excitement2. Plateau3. Orgasm4. Resolution- males: refractory period (cant be stimulated again)- women can beGender Differences in Sexuality› Women are capable of multiple orgasms› Men engage in more fantasy and masturbation than women (even when such behavior is prohibited)› Men’s sexual desire is more often linked to aggressive/dominant behavior in the brain› Women’s sexual desire is more often linked to nurturing behavior in the brainCulture and SexSexual Scripts:› What are some sexual scripts for young men and women today?Sexual OrientationBiological links are inconclusive: prenatal hormone exposure- difference in hypothalamus( drive center )- sex orientation is moderately heritable (men)What about the range of sexual orientation? Hetero – bi – homoWhat about experimenting in homosexual behavior, but not identifying as gay?Homosexuality is NOT caused by- a Smothinger mother or absent father- Same sex sexual child play- quite common (show me yours ill show you mine)- curiosity, doesn’t mean you are gay- Lack of proper role models/learningHomosexuality documented in more than 450 other species besides humans (Examples: dolphins, penguins, many primates)- if majority of population is gay, we couldn’t surviveGender IdentityGender
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