COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE:PSYCH 100SLEEP:Circadian rhythm:body's biological clock cyclewhen we are hungery/tired:morning: we want breakfast, then lunch, dinner bed --- your body's daily routineregular bodily rhythms that occur on the 24 hr cycle, it responds to light cues (retinal proteins that control the clock by triggers signals for each part of the day)REM sleep: rapid eye movements sleepAlso called paradoxical sleep, because our minds are aroused but our bodies are “paralyzed”. We are in REM when we are dreaming, vivid dreams commonly occur in this.Sleep:Periodic, natural, and reversible loss of consciousnessStages of Sleep:Stage 1- lasts about 2 minutesLight sleep, easy to wake, alpha waves—slow, iregular brain wave activityALPHA WAVES- awake but relaxedSensory experiences are experienced without the stimuli—we feel like we are falling, floating, etc. kind of like hallucinationsStage 2-Lasts about 20 minutesEasy to wake, slow brain waves but they are more regular, you ar enow clearly asleepSLEEP SPINDLES- bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain waves activitySleeptalking begins HERE.Stage 3-Lasts about 30 minutesHarder to wake, this is your transition into deep sleep. DELTA WAVES- brains waves associated with deep sleep, begin hereStage 4-Lasts about 30 minutesHarder to wake, deep sleep, more delta wavesSleeptalking here, but also sleepwalking and bedwettingParadoxical Sleep- REM burstsUnless dream is scary, the genitals arouse. Body internally aroused but externally relaxed, this is the paradoxSleep cycles:Cycle is about 90 minutes and it repeats.As it repeats, stage 4 becomes brief and then disappears.Stage 3 will also eventually disappear after stage 4 does. REM becomes longer and more vivid, many dreams. Stage 2 will also become longer.Why do we sleep?The amount we need to sleep depends on our age, genetics, and culture. BUT, we need sleep to function.It: sustains moods, makes us refreshed, perform better-evolution/survival-recuperation/rejuvenation – especially for the brain-learning-physical growthSleep deprivation:The amount of sleep you need depends on your age, for example babies sleep most of the day and older people can function on 8 hours or less.You transition into REM faster when you have been sleep deprived (REM rebound)-supresses immune system-decreases creativity and problem solving-increases shakes, tremors, irritability-promotes accidents (pilot issues..driving long distance)ALSO effects:Stress, performance, obesity, health, hormones, metabolism -- negativelySleep disorders:INSOMNIA--reoccuring problems falling asleep or staying alseep.To Overcome…-exercise regularly, but not directly before you sleep-relax before bed-dim lights-set regular times-no naps-don’t force it-no pills, no alcoholNARCOLEPSY--spontaneous overwhelming sleepiness, can collapse into sleepuncontrollable sleep attacks, may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inappropriate times.SLEEP APNEA- (without breath)Temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings—wake up gasping for air.-cycle repeats many times a night-prevents slow wave sleep and is commonly confused with snoringNight Terrors:When? STAGE 4Awake? NORemember it? NOWho? MOSTLY KIDSHeredity? YES⁃ a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; they occur during stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling alseep and areseldom remembered.VS.Nightmares:When? REM sleepAwake? YESRemember it? YESWho? ANYONEHeredity? NO⁃ in REM sleep, you are awake and able to remember, it occurs for everyone, and it doesn’t deal with heredity.Manifest content: manifest--- memoryCensored, symbolic verison of our dream. Our dreams have two story lines, according to Freud, and this is the verison we remember.VS.Latent content: latent-- secretUnconscious, erotic desire (aggressive, erotic)This is the part of our dream our mind wont fully reveal to us, so it uses the manifest content to symbolize this.The underlying, hidden context in your dream.Why Dream? (function)Freud says:-safety valce for erotic desires-key to understanding inner conflicts-we work toward solving provlems (this has some credibilty)-one of his GREATEST FAILURESbooks says:to satisy wishes, file memories, develop and preserve nueral pathways, make sense of nueral static, and to reflect on cognitive development.⁃ we dream to consolidate, integrate, and clean up. The more stress and learning in theday, the more we dream, it provided stimulation.Why Dream? (explanation)-nueral activity while sleep= random-goal of brain is to make sense of this information-brain imposes meaning to make sense of nueral activity= emotional/wacky stories. This explains why we may dream about our experiences and our environment.REM rebound:The more we lack in REM, the more we are deprived of it, the more we are able to fall quickly into it to make up for loss. If we keep waking up during the night, we will fall quickly back into our dreams.BIOLOGY? Perhaps, mammals need REM.Sleepwalking:-genetic links to this-20% of children 3-12-1/200 adults-males more than females-it is NORMAL part of maturation process-you are PARTIALLY awake-your brain is still processing info, navigation, name/baby cry and you would wake-lasts 2-10 minutesSleeptalking:-also genetic-most likely during STAGE 4 (deep sleep)-when it is in stage 4, our talking is unclear, disjointed, and unemotional-when it occurs in REM sleep, we are more emotional and clear.Sleeptalking does not reveal any hidden truths (even though I like to believe it meant something when Ron said Hermione’s name in his sleep)MEMORY-Memory is the pesistance of learning overtime through the storage and retrieval of information.Encoding -> storage -> retrievalEncoding:The processing of information into the memory system- getting info from the world into our memory system.-we usually encode the GIST, not verbatim-highlight/summarize a story but not recite it word for wordFormats of encoding:Verbal, acoustic, visual, spatial, movements..Storage:The retention of encoded information over time.-process for maintaining information, what we hold onto once the environment has been removedRetrieval:The process of getting info out of the memory storage.-info from the LTM (long term memory) back into the STM (short term memory).Flashbulb Memory:Examples: first kiss, the challenger explosion, 911, death of princess diana.-a HIGHLY EMOTIONAL memory that your brain takes a picture of (flash
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