Psych 100 Unit Exam #2 Prof LeBretonStudy Guide 2*Your exam will have 50 MC questions and covers chapters 3, 6, 7, and 8 Distinguish between sensation and perceptionSensation: information coming into your brain.Perception: organizing and interpreting the information.Ex. Your ear receives a stimulus in the form of sound waves, you perceive that your favorite songis on the radio. Understand Weber’s LawWeber’s Law: the difference between two things depends on the strength of the original stimulus (the stronger the original stimulus, the bigger the changes must be in order for them tobe noticed, yet changes in weak stimuli are very noticeable.)Ex. If holding 100 pounds, must add two pounds to detect a difference. If holding ten pounds, must add two ounces to detect a difference. Understand how the human visual system works (including the parts of the eye and how they function)Vision: must have light to see, light is composed of waves that give us:Hue: wavelength of light gives us color.Brightness: intensity of light.Saturation: complexity of light (gives us pure versus paler colors)Human visual spectrum: ROY G BIVParts of the eye: Cornea: protective coating on the surface of the eye.Iris: the colored part of the eye that regulates the amount of light that enters.Pupil: the opening of the iris. (the black part)Lens: the transparent portion of the eye that focuses on light onto the retina.Retina: images fall here, sensory receptor cells are here.The retina has two types of receptor cells…Rods: receptor cells that code information about light and dark. (located outside the center of the retina- 120 million cells in each eye)Cones: receptor cells that code information about light, dark, and color. (located at the center ofthe retina- 6 million cells each eye)-Fovea: the spot where the cones are concentrated. (images focused directly onto the fovea are clearest because of the high concentration of cones)-Optic nerve: the nerve that carries visual neural messages to the brain. (the area where the optic nerve attaches contains no rods or no cones and therefore is a blind spot) Understand the two theories of color visionTrichromatic Theory: the first level of color processing: There are three different kinds of cones in the eye and each respond to light in either red, blue, or green wavelengths therefore all sensations of color result from stimulating a combination of these three cones.Psych 100 Unit Exam #2 Prof LeBretonThe Opponent-Process Theory: second level of color processing: in addition to three types of cones (one for red, blue, and green) there are “opponent-process mechanisms” which respond to either the red-green or the yellow-blue wavelengths. Understand the Gestalt principles of visual organization (ex: proximity, similarity etc.) and the rules of perceptual constancyThe 4 Gestault Principles of Perceptual Organization:1) Proximity: things that are closest together are grouped together in the mind as if they belong together. 2) Closure: incomplete figures tend to be seen as complete because our brain fills in missing information.3) Similarity: similar things are seen as being related.4) Continuation: images are seen in ways that produce smooth continuation.Visual Constancy: the perception of objects remains unchanged, even when the sensation of the object is changing.-Brightness Constancy: we understand the brightness of an object, does not change even when the object is dimly lit.-Color Constancy: we understand that colors do not change, despite different conditions of light.-Size Constancy: size does not change.-Shape Constancy: shape does not change. Know the key monocular and binocular depth cuesMonocular Cues: cues in the environment that suggest depth and can be seen by only one eye.Binocular Cues: uses both eyes.-Convergence: eyes angle inward as an object gets closer to us.-Retinal Disparity: because each retina is a few inches apart, they have slightly different images and this helps us with depth perception. Be familiar with pain-gate theory of pain perceptionPain messages are sent through two distinct pathways: Rapid (first pain) Slow (second pain)Gate-Control Theory of Pain: there are neural gates (endorphins) that control the transmission of pain impulses. The gate can be open (slow pain messages are not blocked, therefore we experience pain) or closed (slow pain messages are blocked, and we do not experience the pain)**********CHECK THIS**************Psych 100 Unit Exam #2 Prof LeBreton Know all of the stages of sleep (both REM and non-REM) including brain waves associated with each stageTwo types of sleep: Non-REM Sleep CyclesStage 1: (easy to wake up)-Lightest sleep-“Hypnogogic” state-Myoclonia (startle awake, feeling of falling)-Theta waves occurStage 2: -Somewhat more deeply asleep (mid-sleep)-Sleep spindles occur-K complex occursStage 3: -Deep sleep-Delta waves 20% = slow wave/deep sleep begins-Heart and breathing slow and regularStage 4: -Deepest sleep-Delta waves reach nearly 100%-Blood pressure and brain activity at lowest points in 24 hour periodREM SleepRapid Eye Movement sleep-Called “active sleep” or “paradoxical sleep” (dream sleep)-20-25% of nights sleepInternally:-Intense brain activity-Brain temperature rises rapidly-Epinephrine release leads to increases in…-Blood pressure-Heart rate-RespirationExternally:-Body appears calm-Large muscles become paralyzed-Eyes dart around-Dreaming occurs in 80% of peopleDuring REM sleep, the brain conducts…-Consolidation of learning and memory (all night studying doesn’t help)-Perceptual or motor skills increase after 8-10 hours of sleepThe true function of REM sleep is a mystery.Psych 100 Unit Exam #2 Prof LeBreton Be familiar with parasomniasSleep phenomena- ParasomniasSomnambulism (sleepwalking)- occurs during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep.Sleep Terror- happens during partial arousal from stage 4 sleep. Usually begins with a piercing scream.Nightmares- are frightening dreams that occur during REM sleep.Somniloquy (sleep talking)- occurs during any sleep stage. Is more frequent among children. Be familiar with the basic categories of psychoactive drugsPsychoactive drugs: any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought.People take drugs to:-Relieve pain/discomfort-Alter consciousness-Psychological escape-For recreation/funTypes of drugsStimulants- speed up the Central Nervous System*Low-Moderate Levels: excited, confident, euphoric*High
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