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Psych 100 Exam 2 Study GuideChapter 5: LearningI. Learninga. A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practiceb. “Relatively permanent” – part of the brain is physically changed to record what we learnedc. Process of memory  it is always there whether you can retrieve it or notd. Experience is an example of how you learn not to touch a hot stovee. Maturation – change due to biology not experience i. Ex: growing (height-wise)II. Ivan Pavlova. Classical conditioning – learning to make an involuntary (reflex) response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflexb. Reflex – an unlearned, involuntary response, one that is not under personal control or choicei. Ex: food being placed in a dog’s mouth causes the salivary glands to start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestionc. Stimulus – any object, event, or experience that causes a responsei. Dog example – food is stimulus; salivation is responsed. Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response; unlearned; ordinarily leads to the reflex responsei. Ex: the dog’s foode. Unconditioned response (UCR) – an involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus; unlearned; occurs due to genetic wiring in the nervous systemi. Ex: salivation to the foodf. Natural stimulus (NS) – stimulus that has no effect on the desired responsei. Ex: the dog’s dish  no effect on salivationii. When a previously NS through repeated pairing with the unconditioned stimulus begins to cause the same kind of reflexive response, learning has occurred (becomes CS)g. Conditioned stimulus (CS) – stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus; learnedh. Conditioned response (CR) – learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulusIII. Basic Principles in Classical Conditioninga. The CS must come before the UCSi. Ex: sounding metronome after feeding dogs  did not become conditionedb. The CS and UCS must come very close together in time (5 sec. apart max)i. Ex: long times between metronome and food  no association was madec. The neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times, before conditioning can take placed. The CS is usually some stimulus that is “distinctive” or stands out from othercompeting stimulii. Ex: the metronome was a sound that was not normally present in thelaboratory and distinctIV. Stimulus generalizationa. The tendency to response to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned responseb. Ex: a person who reacts with anxiety to the sound of a dentist’s drill might react with some slight anxiety to a similar-sounding machineV. Stimulus discriminationa. The tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulusi. Coffee grinder may give dentist haters anxiety at first, but after a while it won’t phase themVI. Extinction – the disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the absence of the unconditioned stimulusa. The removal if an unconditioned stimulus leads to extinction of the conditioned response  why?i. The presentation of the CS alone leads to new learningb. Learning is defined as any relatively permanent change  although extinction means that the response is dead, the learned response from the stimulus is still presentc. Dog example – after putting the metronome away for a significant amount oftime, Pavlov brought it back out randomly and the dogs began to salivate a very small amount, but it was enough to show that the response was still in their headsVII. Spontaneous recovery – the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurreda. Response is usually weak and short-livedb. Ex: insomniai. One of recommendations to treat it was to avoid reading, working, watching TV, or eating in bedii. The bed should only be used for sleeping  eventually become a conditioned stimulus for sleepingVIII. High-order conditioning – occurs when a strong conditional stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulusa. Ex: snap before metronome would make the sequence “snap-tick-salivate” (NS-CS-CR) but eventually the snap would make the dogs salivate too because it would be associated with the tickingIX. Conditioned taste aversiona. Development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction, occurring after only one association b. Ex: giving lab rats a sweet liquid and then injecting them with a drug that causes nausea  they will not drink the liquid againX. Biological preparedness – tendency of animals to learn certain associations with only one or a few pairings due to the survival value of the learninga. Survival mechanism – taste/smell; good/bad; if they keep on eating a food that tastes or smells off they could dieb. Nausea may only require one CS and UCS pairing to learnXI. Operant conditioninga. The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responsesb. Thorndike’s Law of Effecti. One of first researchers to explore and attempt to outline the laws of learning voluntary responses; began the study of operant conditioningii. Law stating that if an action is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated, and if followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeatedc. B.F. Skinneri. Behaviorist who assumed leadership of the field after Watsonii. Operant behavior = voluntary behavior; learning this behavior is operant conditioningiii. One of biggest contributions to behaviorism  reinforcementd. Reinforcement i. Any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probability that the response will occur againii. A consequence that is in some way pleasurable to the organism  “what’s in it for me?”iii. The key to learning in operant conditioningiv. Skinner box/operant conditioning chamber – research device used by placing a rat into the box and training it to push down on a bar to get foodv. Primary reinforcer – any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need (hunger,


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PSU PSYCH 100 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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