Psych 100 Unit Exam #3 Prof LeBretonStudy Guide 3*Your exam will have 50 MC questions and covers chapters 10, 11, 12, and 13 Be familiar with some of the body systems that control body fat and weight gainMotives to EatSet Point: genetically influenced weight range that you will stay in when not trying to gain or lose weight-Varies about 10% in either direction (set point of 150 pounds could weigh 135-165)-Basal Metabolism: rate at which body burns calories, fixed number of fat cells.-Debate: psychological factors contribute to hunger or eating behavior and physical changes canalter out set point.-Hormones also influence set point-Heritability of set point is .4 to .7 in twin studiesControlling our eatingBrain is #1 organ in determining hunger: these hormones/chemicals communicate with the hypothalamus.-Leptin: a hormone that decreases appetite-Insulin: a hormone that lowers glucose and stores energy as fat-Glucose: sugar that cells require for energy-Ghrelin: hunger arousing hormone emitted by an empty stomach.Obesity EpidemicBMI (Body Mass Index): measure of weight relative to heightMore than 50% of American Adults and 25% of children are overweight or obese according to the BMI chart-BMI not always a good measure of “healthy”Speculative causes of obesity epidemic:1) Abundance of fast food/cheap unhealthy food2) National Portion Size3) Soda 4) Non-food, food items (McD’s chicken nuggets, hot dogs, twinkies, any ingredients that you cant pronounce!)5) Many, many other factorsEvolution determines that we gain weight when food is abundant, but does not have a comparable measure for losing weightCulture can determine when, what and how much to eatCulture determines what is an “ideal” body Distinguish between Anorexia and BulimiaAnorexia Nervosa:-Underweight by 10-15% (of lowest healthy BMI)Psych 100 Unit Exam #3 Prof LeBreton-Usually achieved by a severe restriction in diet and excessive exercise -Distorted body perception-Usually begins in adolescence-Almost always female (1-4% of females ages 12-40 will have anorexia)-The DEADLIEST mental illness on the planet!Bulimia Nervosa:-Maintain a normal body weight-Binging (thousands of calories consumed in one sitting) and purging of food-Purging consists of self-induced vomiting, laxatives and or excessive exercise-History of weight problems/issues in the past-Feeling out of control with binging-May hoard food and/or hoard their vomit Distinguish between passionate and companionate love Motives to love:Passionate Love vs. Compassionate Love-Passionate love lasts about 2 yearsBiological similarities between romantic love and mother- infant bond-Same neurotransmitters and hormones are activated in the mom-baby bond and in the adult love bond-Same areas of the brain are activated when mom looks at pictures of baby and when adult lovers look at pictures of eachother Review Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Understand the attachment styles discussed in class Attachment theory -Secure: rarely jealous, don’t fear abandonementPsych 100 Unit Exam #3 Prof LeBreton -Anxious-Ambivalent: agitated, worried about abandonement -Avoidant: distrusting, avoid closeness Your attachment to your primary caregivers will govern your attachment in adult love relationships Who is Alfred Kinsey and what type of research did he conduct?Alfred Kinsey: (1950s) pioneering work on human sexuality (survey research)-People were engaging in behaviors that most thought were “taboo” (bad)-Women are sexual too-Helped men and women to better understand eachother Be familiar with Master’s and Johnson’s sexual response cycle and gender differences within thecycle. Masters and Johnson: (1960s) sexual laboratories-Mapped out the physiology of sex and orgasm-Asserted that female and male sexuality is equal-May have a problem with their sample of research subjectsSexual Response Cycle1. Excitement2. Plateau3. Orgasm4. Resolution-Refreactory period for males onlyGender differences in sexuality-Women are capable of multiple orgasms-Men engage in more fantasy and masturbation than women (even when such behavior is prohibited)-Men’s sexual desire is more often linked to aggressive/dominant behavior in the brain-Women’s sexual desire is more often linked to nurturing behavior in the brain Be familiar with current research into the “causes” of homosexualitySexual OrientationBiological links are inconclusive:-Prenatal hormone exposure-Differences in hypothalamus (drive center)-Sexual orientation is moderately heritable (men)What about the range of sexual orientation? Hetero- bi – homoWhat about experimenting in homosexual behavior, but not identifying as gay? Homosexuality is NOT caused by -A smothering mother or father absentPsych 100 Unit Exam #3 Prof LeBreton-Same-sex sexual child play (quite common)-Lack of proper role modelsHomosexuality documented in more than 450 other species besides humans (ex. Dolphins, penguins, many primates) Understand the “primary” emotionsPrimary Emotions: facial expressions are universal for these:1) Happiness2) Surprise3) Anger4) Fear5) Disgust/contempt- bitterness/hate6) SadnessPrimary Emotions Continued: Babies’ Facial Expressions-These emotional expressions are “hard wired” because they exist across cultures and are present at a very early age. Be familiar with the correlates of happinessHappiness is:-a mood-an attitude-a social phenomenon-a cognitive filter-a way to stay hopeful, motivated, and connected to othersThe feel-good, do-good phenomenon: when in a good mood, we do more for others. The reverse is also true: doing good feels good.-Happiness has its ups and downsLevels of happiness, as well as other emotions, can vary over the course of a week (we like the weekend)and even over the course of a day (don’t stay awake too long!)-“How far are you up a 10-step ladder toward the best possible life?” The answers worldwide:People in Chad and Tanzania are not feeling successful. Be familiar with the adaptation level phenomenonAdaptation-Level Phenomenon-When we step into the sunshine, it seems very bright at first. Then our senses adapt and we develop a “new normal.” If a cloud covers the sun, it may seem “dark” in comparison. -The “very bright” sensation is temporary.-The adaptation-level phenomenon: when our wealth or other life conditions improve, we are happier compared to our past condition.-However, then we adapt, form a “new normal”
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