Early Schools of Thought Structuralists Wundt Titchener Breaking down mental processes into most basic components Understanding basic elements of consciousness using introspection I e apple test Did not work but is credited with founding the first psych lab Functionalists James Calkins Sought to explain the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner Focused on purpose of consciousness and behavior Emphasized individual differences Modern Viewpoints in Psychology 1 Biological how the body influences behavior thoughts feelings 2 Learning Behaviorism how environment and experience affect behavior thoughts feelings 3 Cognitive how thoughts affect behavior feelings 4 Sociocultural how social and cultural influences affect thoughts feelings behavior thoughts feelings 5 Psychodynamic how unconscious conflicts inner forces affect behavior 6 Humanistic how to create a fulfilled life Different Types of Psychologists Experimental Psychologist Focus on laboratory studies of various topics Must have PHD to be called a psychologist Educational Psychologist Research ways to improve educational systems Education at the micro level Developmental Psychologist How we grow and change throughout the lifespan Human growth and development from pre birth utero to death Industrial Organizational Psychologist Behavior in the workplace Effective business practices NOT doing therapy in the workplace Look at business realm through the lens of a psychologist I e what makes a good leader what kind of a person makes a good leader Psychometric Psychologist Design and evaluate tests Interest personality IQ School Psychologist Clinical Psychologist dysfunctional behavior Talk therapy Counseling Psychologist Works with parents teachers students to solve problems Usually in department of Ed Focus on understanding and treating emotional problems abnormal or Focus on helping people with adjustment problems and helping people make career choices Do not work with severely mentally ill Psychiatrist vs Clinical Psychologist Clinical Psychologist PHD prepared 5 7 years beyond bachelors degree Learn how to do research Cannot prescribe medications did not attend med school Psychiatrist Attended medical school and completed special rotations in psychiatry Can prescribe medication to treat mental disorders Operational Definition How what is in question will be measured Defining a term from the hypothesis in a measurable way Case Study vs Observational Study Case Study detailed account of an individual being studied I e case study of Genie Can t generalize to other people Observational Studies Naturalistic Observation Jane Goodall observing Chimpanzees in natural habitat Laboratory Observation observing a marital discussion in a laboratory Lab vs Natural in Lab you set the scenario yourself Correlational Method Correlation a descriptive method looks for a consistent relationship between two things Correlation Coefficient a number that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables Correlation coefficient can range from 1 0 to 1 0 A correlation coefficient of zero means there is NO relationship between the variables Positive Correlation when the variables move in the same direction ex When one variable goes up the other goes up OR when one variable goes down the other goes down I e SAT score is positively related to your GPA Ex When one variable goes up the other goes up OR when one variable goes down the other goes down Negative Correlation when the variables move in opposite directions Ex When one goes up the other goes down i e The more a married couple argues the worse their marital satisfaction is Experiments Experiment the researcher manipulates one variable to study its effect on another variable purposely manipulating things to see if one has an affect on the other Independent Variable IV the variable that is controlled or manipulated called a predictor Dependent Variable DV the variable that is being measured to see what effect the IV has had called an outcome Experimental Group the group that receives the IV Control Group the group that is not exposed to the IV used to compare to the experimental group Random Assignment putting research participants into control and experimental groups randomly Placebo a fake treatment or inactive substance Experimenter Effects when a researcher unintentionally effects the results Double blind Study neither the researcher nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group The Nervous System Central Nervous System CNS the brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System nerves hat connect the CNA to the rest of the body Neurons and Neurotransmitters Neuron A specialized cell that conducts impulses through the nervous system and contains three major parts 1 Cell body 2 Dendrites receives messages 3 Axon sends messages Terminal button nub at the end of the axon Neural Communication How Neurons Fire Resting Potential polarized negative chard on inside positive charge on the outside of neuron ready to communicate Permeability allows for depolarization mixing of positive and negative ions spark communication and send messages Action Potential electric change that initiates firing spark Myelin Sheath isolated axon for faster transmission layer for fat white matter Importance of Neurotransmitters Imbalances of Acetylcholine are linked to Alzheimer s disease Imbalances of Serotonin are linked to depression anxiety and eating disorders Imbalances of Dopamine are linked to Schizophrenia and Parkinson s disease The Brain The Brain Stem the Hindbrain Medulla and Pons controls vital automatic functions heartbeat breathing reflexes i e coughing vomiting sneezing Reticular formation general alertness consciousness Cerebellum little brain controls complex motor movements The Midbrain Relays physiological messages from hindbrain to cognitive functions of the forebrain connects sensations to thoughts Substantia nigra dopamine center foremovement The Forebrain Thalamus relay station for all information sensory messages except smell Hypothalamus regulates hunger thirst sexual behavior emotional behavior internal body temp and other body functions Collection of brain structures that account for emotional expression memory and Amygdala responsible for the intense emotional responses like fear links Hippocampus stores new memories gives us our internal map navigational The Limbic System motivation emotion to memories skills
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