Psych 100.1H Focus QuestionsChapter 4 (pg. 93-115) – Class 79/11/20131. Describe Pavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning and give an example of a conditioned stimulus, conditioned response, unconditioned stimulus, and unconditioned response. How does classical conditioning create new learning?a. Classical conditioning—training a reflex in an animal to occurb. Conditioned stimulus—bell soundc. Conditioned response--salivationd. Unconditioned stimulus—food placed in mouthe. Unconditioned response—salivation f. New learning—responses to stimuli, all day long2. Differentiate between extinction and spontaneous recovery, and generalization and discrimination. How is generalization subjective?a. Extinction—without stimulus, response stoppedb. Spontaneous recovery—but not completely unconditioned, renewconditioned reflexc. Generalization—show conditioned response to new stimuli that resembled stimulusd. Discrimination—if one stimuli is reinforced and the other is extinguishede. Subjectivity—stimuli similar in meaning to humans. Interpretation of statements. 3. How did Pavlov’s S-S theory of classical conditioning compare to Watson’s S-R theory? How can we use the expectancy theory of classical conditioning to explain the difference between conditioned and unconditioned responses?a. Stimulus-Stimulus (SS)—conditioning produces bond between theconditioned stimulus and mental representation of the unconditioned stimulus, then produce response. b. Stimulus-Response (SR)—conditioning produces direct bond between conditioned stimulus and responsec. Expectancy theory—conditioned response is oftend different from unconditioned responsed. Conditioned must precede unconditioned stimulus immediately. Must signal probability of occurrence of unconditioned. Conditioning ineffective when animal already has a good predictor.4. Describe Watson’s classic fear conditioning study with little Albert and what we can learn from it. Give at least one other example of a conditioned response.a. Watson—baby play with rat, make loud sound, baby afraid of rat and other furry objects. b. Conditioned response—fear after being presented with rat.5. Explain Thorndike’s instrumental learning puzzle-box procedure and how this led to his law of effect.a. Thorndike—put cats in box, trial error, flip switch to openb. Law of effect—Responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation.6. What is operant conditioning? Describe Skinner’s method for studying operant condition, including the ideas of shaping and a schedule of reinforcement. How does reinforcement differ from punishment?a. Operant conditioning—nonreflexive behaviors could be altered through learningb. Skinner—created a box allowing animals to receive food at press of a lever, reinforcers to use lever, shaping to get animals to do action. Schedule of reinforcement: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval. c. Reinforcement—increases likelihood that response will occur. Positive (food, money, praise) or negative (shock, loud noises, static…try to get away from it). d. Punishment—decreases likelihood that response will recur. Positive (arrival of a stimulus—scolding or shock—decreases response and Negative (removal of stimulus, taking food away ormoney from a person) decreases
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