The Psychoanalytic Approach- Defense Mechanism: Ego’s protective method to deal with unacceptable impulses and anxiety- Denial: protecting ourselves from an unpleasant reality by refusing it- Displacement: redirection of an impulse away from the person who prompts it and towards a safe substitute-Reaction Formation:-Projection: projecting one’s unacceptable thoughts or impulses onto others- Projective tests: ambiguous visual stimuli presented to client who responds with whatever comes to mind- Rorschach Inkblot test: 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli- Thematic Appreciation test: 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations-Freud’s Theory of Personality Development- 5 main psychosexual stages- each emphasizes an erogenous zone- must resolve conflict between zones and society\\- Oral stage: first year of life- The erogenous zone is the mouth- the primary conflict are weaning and teething-Anal stage: one to three years- Involves development of the ego- Primary conflict is toilet training-Phallic stage: three to six years- Involves development of the superego as a result of the Oedipus complex-Oedipus Complex: a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy andhatred for the rival father- Castration anxiety - Electra Complex: female version of the Oedipus Complex- Penis envy- Latent Stage: six to puberty- sexual; feelings repressed, same-sex play, social skills developed-Genital stage: at puberty-Sexual feelings resurfaced and are consciously expressed appropraitely-Problems arise …- Fixation: “stuck” in a stage due to inadequate completion of an earlier stage - Regression: during time of stress, we regress to incomplete stages-Anal-retentive personality- Anal-expulsive personalityThe Trait Theory ApproachTrait Theories of PersonalityTrait: a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaviorGordon Allport: developed a method to organize traits according to their influence- Cardinal traits- Central traits- Secondary Traits-Raymond Cattell: using factor analysis outlined a distinct set if “source” traits, which form the core of everyone’s personality-The Five-Factor Model (Costa and McCrea)-Openness (creativity)-Conscientiousness (organization)-Extraversion (sociability)-Agreeableness (likeability)-Neuroticism (stability)Chapter 8Child DevelopmentDevelopment: pattern of changes in human capacities across the lifespan- Nature vs. Nurture: is genetics or environment more important for development?-Continuous vs. Discontinuous: is development marked by gradual or distinct changes?-Stability vs. Change: do we remain the same or change during development?Reflex: unlearned, automatic response to a particular stimulus-Rooting reflex: touching the cheek-Sucking reflex: object placed in mouth-Moro reflex: startled by noise, loss of support-Palmer grasp reflex: touching of the palm-Babinski reflex: stoking sole of foot-TonicNeck reflex: turned to head to the side Physical Development-Salutatory Growth: growth in spurts rather than continuous in nature-Motor Development-Cephalacudal trend: top to bottom-Proximodistal trend: center outwardCognitive Development-Jean Piaget’s (1896-1980) Cognitive Approach -Schema: a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information -Adaptation: -Assimilation: interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing Schemas-Accommodation: changing one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate New informationPsychological Disorders-Classifying Abnormal Behavior- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Now in its 4th edition (DSM-IV-TR)-Multi-axil System- Axis II and I: All major diagnostic categories-Axis III: General medical conditions of relevance- Axis IV: Psychological and environmental problems-Axis V: Current level of functioning Anxiety Disorders - General Anxiety Disorders-Panic Disorder “Tornado if Anxiety”- Phobic Disorders- Animals-Natural endowment-Blood/Medical/Injury-Situational-Social Phobias-Intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations -Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: an anxiety disorder in which the symptoms of anxiety are triggered by intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges to perform certain ritualistic actions-Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: anxiety symptoms that develop through exposure to a traumatic event- Three core symptoms1. Frequent recall of the event (flashbacks) that are intrusive2. Avoidance of related stimuli and suffer from issues with emotions3. Increased physical arousal Mood DisordersMajor depression: significant and persistent feelings of despondency worthlessness, and hopelessness, which causes major impairments in the individuals emotional, cognitive, and behavioral functioning.Dysthymic Disorder: chronic low-grade feelings of depression that produces subjective discomfort but do not seriously impair their function Bipolar Disorder: a mood disorder involving period of incapacitating depression alternating with periods of extreme euphoria and excitement Schizophrenia - Split mind (split with reality)* Not multiple identity/personality disorder- Severe psychological disorder characterized by distortions of..-Thought – delusions- Perception – hallucinations- Communication – world salad- Emotions – blunt or inappropriate responses - Social skills – impulsive versus withdrawn- Positive versus negative symptomsTypes of Schizophrenia:-Disorganized – characterized by confused behavior and disorganized delusions and hallucinations among other features -Catatonic Type – characterized by bizarre movements, postures, or grimaces- Paranoid type – characterized by the appearance of thematic delusional thinking accompanied by frequent auditory hallucinations The Genain Sisters: quadruplets with
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