Psych 100.1H Focus QuestionsChapter 10 (pg. 374-end) – Class 2210/16/20131. Give a brief history of intelligence testing, including major people and concepts associated with each. How do we assess intelligence today? Is this a valid predictor of achievement?brief history of intelligence testing/major people/concepts- - Began with Galton and Binet Francis Galton’s Tests of Mental Quickness and Sensory Acuity: - Francis Galton argued capacity for high intellectual achievement is inborn and passed along biologically intelligence defined as biological capacity for intellectual achievement - mental quickness and sensory acuity- speed/accuracy with which people can detect and respond to stimuli - devised measures of motor/sensory abilities to react quickly to a signal/detect slight differences between two sounds, light, etc. - only found weak correlations among his various measures of reaction time and sensory ability Ex. showed no significant correlation between reaction time/sensory acuity and academic gradesa. Galton- used reaction times and sensory abilities results- no correlation b. Binet- school achievement- related average abilities - age-graded according to teacher assessment of average child’s achievement assess intelligence today- - Binet- Simon Intelligence Scale- main goal was to identify children who were not profiting as much as they should from schooling - Stanford- Binet Scale- modification test developed in Stanford University- Weschler Test- most common intelligence test (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition- WAIS-III) and fourth edition- WAIS- IV)c. post- Binet- Weschler tests( WAIS, WISC, WPPSI) two subtests: verbal – assesses primarily academic and general information performance- matching(ex. symbols with an object) , sequential ordering, perceptual differences, non-verbal reasoning (how could you perform) d. IQ – a ratio score between chronological age (CA) and a intelligence test score of mental age (MA) X 100: IQ = MA/CA X 100valid predictor of achievement- - valid- measures what it is intended to measure - many people say higher IQ scores means someone will gain greater employment opportunities - jobs that have little judgement/reasoning have average correlation of 0.2 and jobs that require great deal of judgement reasoning - correlation is 0.5-0.6 - IQ scores predict longevityvalidity- whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure reliability- does a test consistently give the same score b. relationship between IQ and on-the –job general career performance: 1) strong correlation for success in high-level intellectual jobs, general health and well being, and longevity 2) low correlation for low-level jobs 2. What is general intelligence and how is it measured? How can general intelligence be broken down into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?general intelligence/how is it measured- General Intelligence (g) as the Common Factor Measured by Diverse Mental Tests: Experiment*- dozens of mental tests were given to people, all whom were members of the same cultural group. Results found positive correlation in all individuals if sample was large enough- factor analysis- analyzing patterns of correlations – some factor “g” is measured by every mental test - factor “g”- general intelligencegeneral intelligence be broken down in fluid intelligence- - fluid intelligence “gf” and crystallized intelligence “gc” fluid(neurological capacity for mental processing info, - peaks at about age 25) , (crystallized- acquired knowledge- achievement test continues until at least age 50) Fluid Intelligence- ability to perceive relationships among stimuli independently of previous specific practice/instruction concerning these relationships , people identify similarities or differences between stimulus they have never experienced Ex. Raven’s Progressive Matrices Test, verbal analogy problems constructed from common words general intelligence be broken down in crystallized intelligence- Crystallized intelligence- mental ability derived from previous experience, best assessed in tests of knowledge, cultural practices, and how tools or instruments work - component of general intelligenceb. Possible bases for g: 1) mental speed- inspection time2) working memeory- high correl with gf and word span3) self-management- executive function: 3. Provide evidence for mental speed, working-memory, and mental government as a possible basis for general intelligence. How can it be seen as an evolutionary adaptation for novelty? How do nature and nurture contribute to general intelligence?mental speed basis for general intelligence- inspection time- minimal time that subjects need to look/listen to a pair of stimuli to detect the difference between them ex. two parallel lines, 1.4 times as longer as the other, flashed on a screen and subjects must say which ones longer. - correlation of 0.3 for fluid intelligence and 0.2 for crystallized intelligence working – memory- - working memory is the center of conscious thought - to solve a problem on an intelligence test you must ring information from senses and long-term memory intro working- memory store- faster processed information you can maintain in working memory at any given time - why mental speed correlates positively with fluid intelligence by increased capacity of working- memory working-memory capacity is measured in two ways 1) digit span/word span- number of single digit numbers or unrelated words that a person can hold in mind/report back accurately after hearing the list once - one subtest of Weschler IQ tests 2) three-back test- person is presented visually with words/letters and must indicate whether the current stimulus does/does not match the stimulus that has been shown three items earlier mental government “” - intelligence- “mental self- government”- central executive- conceived as the set of mental processes that deals with overall goals/strategies that coordinate all other mental activities , supervisor of working- memory, similar to fluid intelligene - involved in rapid judgments but also judgments that have overall problem-solving strategies evolutionary adaptation for novelty- - Ex. human emotionality and sociability are valuable, evolved characteristics that help ussurvive in our social environments nature and nurture contribute to general intelligence- nature-nurture debate- “nature” – genetic inheritance, “nurture”
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