Psych 100 1H Focus Questions Chapter 10 pg 374 end Class 22 10 16 2013 1 Give a brief history of intelligence testing including major people and concepts associated with each How do we assess intelligence today Is this a valid predictor of achievement brief history of intelligence testing major people concepts Began with Galton and Binet Francis Galton s Tests of Mental Quickness and Sensory Acuity Francis Galton argued capacity for high intellectual achievement is inborn and passed along biologically intelligence defined as biological capacity for intellectual achievement mental quickness and sensory acuity speed accuracy with which people can detect and respond to stimuli devised measures of motor sensory abilities to react quickly to a signal detect slight differences between two sounds light etc only found weak correlations among his various measures of reaction time and sensory ability Ex showed no significant correlation between reaction time sensory acuity and academic grades a Galton used reaction times and sensory abilities results no correlation b Binet school achievement related average abilities age graded according to teacher assessment of average child s achievement assess intelligence today Binet Simon Intelligence Scale main goal was to identify children who were not profiting as much as they should from schooling Stanford Binet Scale modification test developed in Stanford University Weschler Test most common intelligence test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Third Edition WAIS III and fourth edition WAIS IV c post Binet Weschler tests WAIS WISC WPPSI two subtests verbal assesses primarily academic and general information performance matching ex symbols with an object sequential ordering perceptual differences non verbal reasoning how could you perform d IQ a ratio score between chronological age CA and a intelligence test score of mental age MA X 100 IQ MA CA X 100 valid predictor of achievement valid measures what it is intended to measure many people say higher IQ scores means someone will gain greater employment opportunities jobs that have little judgement reasoning have average correlation of 0 2 and jobs that require great deal of judgement reasoning correlation is 0 5 0 6 IQ scores predict longevity validity whether a test measures what it is supposed to measure reliability does a test consistently give the same score b relationship between IQ and on the job general career performance 1 strong correlation for success in high level intellectual jobs general health and well being and longevity 2 low correlation for low level jobs 2 What is general intelligence and how is it measured How can general intelligence be broken down into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence general intelligence how is it measured General Intelligence g as the Common Factor Measured by Diverse Mental Tests Experiment dozens of mental tests were given to people all whom were members of the same cultural group Results found positive correlation in all individuals if sample was large enough factor analysis analyzing patterns of correlations some factor g is measured by every mental test factor g general intelligence general intelligence be broken down in fluid intelligence fluid intelligence gf and crystallized intelligence gc fluid neurological capacity for mental processing info peaks at about age 25 crystallized acquired knowledge achievement test continues until at least age 50 Fluid Intelligence ability to perceive relationships among stimuli independently of previous specific practice instruction concerning these relationships people identify similarities or differences between stimulus they have never experienced Ex Raven s Progressive Matrices Test verbal analogy problems constructed from common words general intelligence be broken down in crystallized intelligence Crystallized intelligence mental ability derived from previous experience best assessed in tests of knowledge cultural practices and how tools or instruments work component of general intelligence b Possible bases for g 1 mental speed inspection time 2 working memeory high correl with gf and word span 3 self management executive function 3 Provide evidence for mental speed working memory and mental government as a possible basis for general intelligence How can it be seen as an evolutionary adaptation for novelty How do nature and nurture contribute to general intelligence mental speed basis for general intelligence inspection time minimal time that subjects need to look listen to a pair of stimuli to detect the difference between them ex two parallel lines 1 4 times as longer as the other flashed on a screen and subjects must say which ones longer correlation of 0 3 for fluid intelligence and 0 2 for crystallized intelligence working memory working memory is the center of conscious thought to solve a problem on an intelligence test you must ring information from senses and long term memory intro working memory store faster processed information you can maintain in working memory at any given time why mental speed correlates positively with fluid intelligence by increased capacity of working memory working memory capacity is measured in two ways 1 digit span word span number of single digit numbers or unrelated words that a person can hold in mind report back accurately after hearing the list once one subtest of Weschler IQ tests 2 three back test person is presented visually with words letters and must indicate whether the current stimulus does does not match the stimulus that has been shown three items earlier mental government intelligence mental self government central executive conceived as the set of mental processes that deals with overall goals strategies that coordinate all other mental activities supervisor of working memory similar to fluid intelligene involved in rapid judgments but also judgments that have overall problem solving strategies evolutionary adaptation for novelty Ex human emotionality and sociability are valuable evolved characteristics that help us survive in our social environments nature and nurture contribute to general intelligence nature nurture debate nature genetic inheritance nurture entire set of environmental conditions to which the person is exposed question Are psychological differenves among people primarily the result of differences in their genes nature or their environment nurture most differences are in personality mental disorders and intelligence test 4
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